GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY OF ABSOLUTISM

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the grammatical system of the French language in the XVII century, during the golden age of the absolute monarchy. The analysis of the influence of the socio-political system on the changes in the French grammar of that time is carried out. In this century of authoritarian and centralized state organization, it was the grammars who shaped the language to their mind. The reign of Louis XIV created more than a hundred professional grammatical censors, thanks to whom the French language survived the era of "distinction" and consolidation. It is noted that participants of salons and court linguists such as Malherbe, Vaugelas, Chifflet, Maupas, Arnauld and Lancelot and others were engaged in organizing the French language. Each grammarian offers his own vision of the motives that must precede the adoption of a rule. It was found that in the era that is considered classic, two tendencies of grammatical transformations coexisted: the development of correct practical grammar, which contributed to the development of the social elite, and the development of analytical grammar, which drew its material from philosophy and logic. Grammarians mostly pursue the idea of perfect grammar with uniform and absolute rules.

CONCEPTUAL COMPONENT OF THE CONCEPT OF APPLICATION

This paper deals with the conceptual component of the concept APPLICATION in the contemporary English discourse. This concept is parametric, specific and regulatory. It has enriched its content with five cognitive markers. At the end of the 20th century another word app, a shortened version of the key name application, was introduced to objectify the meanings “a piece of software” and “a program”. The structure of the conceptual component consists of a core and two layers. The core contains the etymologically motivated cognitive marker “the bringing of something to bear on something else”. The first layer contains six cognitive markers “a piece of software, a program designed to do a particular job”, “the practical use of something, especially a theory, discovery, etc.”, “a formal request for something”, “an act of putting or spreading something onto something else”, “the act of making a rule, etc. operate or become effective” and “determination to work hard at something, great effort”. The second layer has the cognitive markers of the concepts whose names either have the word application in their definitions (social network) or are synonyms (applicability, etc.), antonyms, names of mobile applications and platforms.

TECHNOLOGIZATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The article reveals the features of professional improvement of foreign language communicative competence of foreign language teachers in the European Union, which is the result of the development of European integration, globalization and information processes. Emphasis is placed on the importance of professional development of teachers and the need for changes related to the development of new goals in teaching foreign languages with the new up-to-date innovative teaching aids. It is determined that foreign language teachers of European countries are constantly looking for and actively apply in practice innovative methods, modern information technologies, as well as distance learning in language teaching. It is noted that an essential feature of modern innovation processes in the field of education and upbringing is their technologicalization – strict compliance with the content and sequence of stages of the implementation of innovations. Among all new technical aids for foreign language teaching, the computer is an essential component of the educational process, which has one of the most significant influences on the course of teaching. New up-to-date approaches to the formation of foreign language communicative competence in the foreign language teaching put forward new requirements for the professionalism of the teacher, his/her qualifications. It is determined that the improvement of foreign language competence of the foreign language teacher is influenced by the properties of his/her personality, general and professional competence, which is provided by a combination of knowledge of didactics, linguistics, methods of teaching foreign languages, cultural studies and creativity, professional mobility, continuous self-development. Foreign language teachers of the European Union improve their professionalism through various forms of education. The views of scientists on the research problem are characterized. Conclusions and prospects for the use of further development of the study are made.

LINGUOPRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF PROPRIAL VOCABULARY IN MODERN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article deals with the dynamic and evolutionary processes of eponymous terms formation in medicine in the systems of English and Ukrainian languages. The aim of the work is to systematize medical propriatives on the basis of such defining features as denotative-characteristic, etymological-word-forming and functional features. Methods and techniques adopted in onomastics and stylistics were used, such as: textual and stylistic analysis, classification of onomastic material, structural, etymological and word-formation analysis, analysis of variants of names, synthesis and identification of patterns. The research focuses on lexical and semantic features and structural features of medical terms with an onymic component. The scientific research of domestic and foreign researchers on the presence or absence of a clear boundary between common and proper names is analyzed. The ways of origin of propriatives and ways of forming a layer of onymic medical vocabulary are outlined. Based on the samples of eponymous terms in accordance with the fields of medicine, in particular rheumatology and neurology, anatomy and clinical nomenclature, the characteristics of dynamic and evolutionary processes in each of the subsystems is presented: quantitative ratio data are given, ways and methods of formation are identified, the role and place of eponyms in medical phenomena and objects are determined, the structural features of these terminological units are described. Much attention is paid to the process of transforming proper names into common words. The processes of transition of proper names into common names, which occur in medical terminology, differences of propriatives and appellates in functions, properties, mechanism of development, essence and linguistic features, context, etymology and translation are studied.

PREDICATES OF COERCION AS A MEANS OF CATEGORICAL EXPRESSION OF WILL IN THE SEMANTIC-SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE

The article highlights the semantics of coercion predicates as one of the main means of expressing debitive modality (along with the modality of expediency, obligation, necessity, compulsion and inevitability). Predicates of coercion, in our opinion, contain in their structure the modal component of ‘will’, as one of the main modal meanings. Coercion is analyzed as a predetermined need to act contrary to smb’s own will or desire. The main means of expressing coercion semantics is the predicate to force. All coercion predicates denote the forced action of different intensity, that is, there is a semantic differentiation of coercion predicates. They are characterized by a negative connotation, since the action is undesirable, forced for the subject, contrary to their interests, will. The negative component is a constituent part of the semantics of coercion predicates. The predicates of coercion are closely related to predicates of compulsion. Thus, the predicates of coercion to constrain, to compel and to oblige can denote both the situations of coercion and compulsion. In addition, in sentences with causative verbs of coercion like to force, the positional structure differs from the one where the predicate is the modal verbs to have to, to be to. This is due to the fact that in constructions with the objective infinitive, more than one situation is explicated.

TRANSLATED TERMINOLOGICAL E-DIKTIONARIES AS AN URGENT REQUIREMENT OF THE PRESENT IN THE PROCESS OF LANGUAGE STUDENTS OF HEI

The article reveals the problems that appear in linguistics of the 21st century, in particular, in terminology in direction of forming foreign language competent specialists. The works focus on the issue of the modern state of Ukrainian terminology in the mining industry. In the study, it is analysed the original material, it is monitored the present thesauruses of the mining industry of different types as well as translated ones. The authors present in brief the short description of the basic achievement of Ukrainian terminography in the mining industry starting with the middle of the 19th century till the present.The scientists have clearly stated the dependence of the development of terminography in the field of Ukrainian mining on the lingual and extra-lingual factors. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the absence of mining dictionaries (both monolingual and multilingual) in modern linguistics, which undoubtedly negatively affects the process of formation of foreign language communicative competence of the specialists of the future mining industry. The relevance of the article isdue to the urgent need to provide students of institutions of higher education with new innovative technologies for the formation of foreign language communicative competence and the search for modern approaches during the educational process in the educational institutions of both mining and humanities profiles. After all, the 21st century requires specialists in any field of human activities (as well as the mining one) to expand opportunities for intercultural communication, to deepen their knowledge of achievements in a particular field (including the mining one) by means of language communication, etc. All this becomes possible only under the condition of the formation of the number of competences, in particular, communicative. Creating and developing the e-dictionarywill enable free communication between representatives of different countries for the purpose of taking on the experience gained during the professional activity, as well as in the field of the mining industry, and will be worth representing the achievements of the domestic industry at the world stage. The high level of foreign language proficiency of graduates of Ukrainian universities will contribute to affirming the positive educational and scientific image of our country.

PSYCHOLOGISM OF THE NOVEL “THE BOOK OF TOMORROW” BY CECILIA AHERN

The article reveals the phenomenon of psychologism in fiction and the ways of its actualization in modern English literature concerned with psychological aspects. The notion is analyzed on the basis of Cecilia Ahern’s novel “The Book of Tomorrow” that depicts the protagonist’s psychological crisis as a result of personal loss and the ways of coping with negative experience. Lexical-stylistic and compositional means are studied through the prism of the representation of the protagonist’s internal feelings caused by inner and outer factors. The role of symbols, fairy-tale allusions, personifications, artistic details and comparative tropes in depicting the young girl’s crisis state and her reactions to life changes is traced. The function of key words, implicit details, temporal fractures and the title in the compositional framing of the text is researched. The role of the mentioned-above linguistic means in the reflection of transformations taking place in the protagonist’s consciousness is studied. Some peculiarities of Cecilia Ahern’s individual author’s style, such as wide use of fairy-tale allusions and personifications, contrastive application of some lexical-stylistic means (artistic details) and the coherent function of the others (an implicit detail, extended metaphors), are outlined. The author’s favourite key words are listed; the stylistic role of their repetitions in different contexts is shown. The retrospective actualization of the lexeme tomorrow presented in the title is traced.

DIRECTIONS AND TRENDS OF STUDYING POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION (LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS)

The rapid spread of Internet communication nowadays has changed the conditions under which political communication takes place, although its purpose remains the same – influence for the sake of power. The article analyzes and summarizes the directions and trends in the study of political discourse, which is the context of political utterance, utterance itself and its perception. It is noted that the Internet has proved to be a new effective way of informing, persuading, arguing and manipulating the mass consciousness, accelerating the process of providing information and changing its format, including for manipulative purposes. It is revealed that the Internet has formed new genres and forms of political communication, providing an opportunity to get feedback from the political message and creating the appearance of direct communication between politicians and the public. The study of political discourse by researchers today is multi-vector: in a purely linguistic direction (the language of political statements); in linguistic and pragmatic direction (how the functions of political discourse are realized); anthropocentric (political personality); sociolinguistic (society’s reaction to the political activities of the subjects) and others. As the field of politics is constantly changing, responding to global, socio-political, economic circumstances, its analysis, including by linguists, provides and will always provide new material for further research.

UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATION OF FUTURE IT PROFESSIONAL

The article focuses on the professional communication of future IT professionals. It is emphasized that today, even at the household level, users of personal computers and laptops use special terminology, and sometimes specific slang, which testifies to the current speech of future IT professionals. Recently, many modern dictionaries have appeared, including dictionaries of programmers, which indicate not only terms but also interpretations of new words, sometimes a combination of Ukrainian and English word formations. The article provides examples of word terms, as well as a tabular version of the translation of words from English and the interpretation of computer terms. The most popular or most commonly used terms and concepts understood by a beginner PC were taken into account. The scientific publication reveals the peculiarities of using dictionaries for online programmers. It is pointed out that recently in the Internet space you can find links to electronic resources, which contain terms that can be used in professional communication by IT professionals. The study found that IT terminology often duplicates computer slang. This is due to the lack of self-designation of terms used in the communication of programmers or IT professionals. The study points to certain words (slang), which are most often borrowed from English. Such terms are not even translated into Ukrainian. They usually need to be memorized and used in the professional activities of a person working with information technology.

IMAGINATIVE-EVALUATIVE CONSTITUENT OF THE CONCEPT FAMILY IN THE BRITISH PUBLICISTIC DISCOURSE

The aim of the article is to study the metaphorization peculiarities of the concept FAMILY in the British publicistic discourse of the XVIII – XXI centuries. The question of a language segmenting, categorizing the surrounding reality and the experience of its speakers, which has always been in the center of attention of scholars is raised. The importance of lexical nomination as a means of fixing the changes that occur continuously and are understood by humans in their social practice is highlighted. The focus of the study is to trace the process of forming an image of ​​the world of English speakers using publicistic material in diachrony over the past four centuries and to identify the specifics of conceptualization and categorization of this segment of reality. The modifications of the imaginative-evaluative constituent, the loss of the existing and the acquirement of new meanings and their shades are bound with both the language development and with the extralinguistic factors such as the development of the community, social, political and historical events. Printed mass media have always been an important and influential part of social life. They take part in the creation and exchange of ideas and opinions as people receive knowledge about the world indirectly through mass media. These facts contribute to the analysis of a lingvocultural element of words both synchronically and diachronically. Comparing newspapers texts it becomes possible to highlight similarities and differences in the interpretation of the notion expressed by some lexeme. Moreover, the analysis of articles indicates social understanding of the notion. Since newspapers are affordable and available for all members of the society, they are the representatives of live language which unites knowledge and experience.