Nebrija’s syntatic theory in its historical setting

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
W. Keith Percival
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Summary Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) inherited his syntactic theory from a grammatical tradition which had developed in Italy in the High Middle Ages more or less independently of the speculative tradition of northern Europe. The distinctive features of this system are the following: (1) The main verb in a sentence governs not only the oblique cases of the complements but also the nominative case of the subject. (2) Verbs are subclassified depending on the morphological cases of their nominal complements. Nebrija must have assimilated this system as a student in Italy in the 1460s.

scholarly journals Appropriation and Differentiation: Jewish Identity in Medieval Ashkenaz

AJS Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Elisheva Baumgarten
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Contemporary Christian ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Christian Thought

This article discusses the ways scholars have outlined the process of Jewish adaptation (or lack of it) from their Christian surroundings in northern Europe during the High Middle Ages. Using the example of penitential fasting, the first two sections of the article describe medieval Jewish practices and some of the approaches that have been used to explain the similarity between medieval Jewish and contemporary Christian customs. The last two sections of the article suggest that in addition to looking for texts that connect between Jewish and Christian thought and beliefs behind these customs, it is useful to examine what medieval Jews and Christians saw of each other's customs living in close urban quarters. Finally, the article suggests that when shaping medieval Jewish and Christian identity, the differences emphasized in shared everyday actions and visible practice were no less important than theological distinctions. As part of the discussion throughout the article, the terminology used by scholars to describe the process of Jewish appropriation from the local surroundings is described, focusing on terms such as “influence” and “inward acculturation,” as well as “appropriation.”

“Let Them Make Him Duke to Rule that People”: TheLaw of the Bavariansand Regime Change in Early Medieval Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 865-899
Author(s):  
Jonathan Couser
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The early Middle Ages produced a series of law codes for the new “barbarian” kingdoms of Europe, which succeeded the western Roman Empire. These law codes were often inspired by the precedent and sometimes the content of Roman vulgar law as well as the customs of the respective peoples for whom they were written and the interests of their rulers. The making of law could often play a vital role in the stabilization of kingdoms, especially under new rulers. Early medieval secular lawmaking falls into three broad periods: the early royal laws of the Frankish, Burgundian, and Visigothic peoples in the fifth and sixth centuries; the interrelated composition of Lombard, south German, and perhaps also early Anglo-Saxon law in the seventh and eighth centuries; and the writing up of the last “ethnic” laws for peoples subject to Charlemagne's empire, such as Frisians and Saxons, in order to accommodate them into a multiethnic empire committed to the principle of personality of the law. The subject of this article, the law of the Bavarians (Lex Baiuvariorum, hereafter abbreviated “Lb”), belongs to the second of these stages. However, scholars have never reached consensus as to the date of its composition nor where it was created. This has inhibited the use of the Lb for any but they most general discussion of Bavarian society. This article will review the evidence for the Lb's date and place of composition, to suggest that we can plausibly identify them more precisely than has been done, and therefore argue that the distinctive features of this text can be tied to specific political needs.

Gender and Daily Life in Jewish Communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisheva Baumgarten
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Daily Contact ◽  
Christian Society

Jews living in northern Europe during the High Middle Ages inhabited large urban centers and lived in close proximity to their Christian neighbors. This led to daily contact between Jews and Christians and shared realms of experience and practice. This article examines the lives of Jewish women during the High Middle Ages. Using a poem written after the death of Dulcia of Worms in the 1196, it outlines the characteristics of women's religious and social lives during the period, and it also explores the gender understandings and conventions of Jews in medieval Europe. Comparing Jewish and Christian society, the article sets out distinctive and shared practices related to gender and religion.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Malika NASIROVA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Verbs

In Arabic, the verb takes a signifcant place among the parts of speech. Without knowing the morphological features of Arabic verbs, it is impossible to maser many of the rules of other parts of speech. This article is devoted to auxiliary verbs, which, together with the main verb, convey additional meaning to the action of the subject. In Arabic, the topic of auxiliary verbs has attracted the attention of linguiss from the early Middle Ages to the present. The mos recent sudies on this topic are collected in the works of Abbas Hasan, Musafa Galayini, Fuad Nemat, Antoine Dahdakh, Abu Bakr Abdul Ali. In this article, the issue of the semantic classifcation of auxiliary verbs is scientifcally subsantiated. According to it, verbs are divided into such semantic groups as: “verbs of being and becoming”, “beginning verbs”, “verbs denoting the proximity of an action”, “verbs denoting the likelihood of an action” and others that assign the above meanings to the main verb. “ ”كان و أخواتهاare the mos commonly used among others, they perform the function of a linking verb and require the setting of a nominal predicate in the accusative case. And in verb sentences, together with the verb-predicate, they form a complex temporary consruction. The verbs أفعال الشروعrequire the subject in the nominative and the predicate in the accusative and denote the beginning of the action of semantic verbs. The predicate after the verbs أفعال المةاربةcan be a whole sentence. Also, the verbs أفعال المقاربةcan be both semantic and auxiliary. In Arabic, auxiliary verbs are verbs of a wide variety of uses in a sentence. They not only determine the degree and sate, but also the time of action. During the research, it became known that there is another type of auxiliary verbs that demonsrate excitement, desire and feelings

scholarly journals Case Valuation in Transitive Clauses: A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Syntax

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Abdul Rafay Khan ◽  
Ghazala Kausar
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Interface Conditions ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
Structural Case ◽  
Inherent Case

Case is a morphological realization on a noun phrase (NP) to represent the NP's grammatical relationship with the main verb of the clause. With respect to case, languages, in many cases, can be broadly divided into two alignment systems, i.e., ergative-absolutive and nominative-accusative. In the former type of languages, e.g., Punjabi, the subjects usually receive an ergative post position in transitive clauses (with perfective aspect) while in the latter type of languages, e.g., English, the subject, i.e., in nominative case receives, no post position. There has been a widespread controversy on whether ergative is a structural case or a lexical/inherent case and how the arguments are, i.e., subject and objects valued case in case of ergative clauses. With this ongoing debate in the background, this study aims to compare the marking of case on the arguments, i.e., subjects and objects in the transitive clauses of English and Punjabi. The study is conducted under the minimalist framework of Chomsky (2008), who emphasized on Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): language provides the best possible solution to the interface conditions imposed by other systems of the human mind, i.e., related to meaning and sound, which interact with language through their interfaces Conceptual Intentional (C-I) and Sensori-Motor (SM) respectively. In this framework, a feature valuation mechanism is induced by the probes, i.e., C and v*. The study finds that in split ergative languages (the languages which take both case patterns, i.e., nominative and ergative) like Punjabi, the EA, i.e., subjects of perfective transitive clauses are assigned the ergative case by the functional heads v* at [Spec-v*] while the IA, i.e., objects are valued accusative case by the same functional head v* under Agree operation. A consequence of this finding concludes that T has default agreement in such languages, which is possible because Punjabi (like its other South Asian counterparts, e.g., Urdu-Hindi, Bengali, and Kashmiri) is a pro-drop language. So, it is easy to assume that EPP and Agree features of T are an option

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