SEMANTICS OF POEM IN «DIV TICS OF POEM IN «DIVANI LUGATI-T-TURK»

Lyric songs depict how rich is the aesthetic taste of the Turkic peoples and their special love for verbal art for a long period, and the fact that they possessed artistic resources capable of competing with the most agile peoples of their time. Moreover, these songs illustrate the artistic views of the Turks. Pure lyrical experiences, with their novelty, the richness of images, and unique pathos, have always engaged the reader. The poetry of the Turkic peoples is studied as a separate phenomenon in the history of world literature. Mahmud Kashgari’s Divani lugat at-Turk provides extensive information about the foundations of Turkish poetry and its scope. We can see the first paradigms of lyric poetry in the oral poetry of the Turkic peoples in the Divani lugat at-Turk. As a great linguist of his time and an advanced thinker – Kashgari proves each word with its specific expression or a piece of poetry. Each poem in his work is unique regarding its artistic value and semantics. We can see this, especially in these lyrical poems. Even simple episodes in lyrical songs demonstrate the ability of our ancestors to express thoughts beautifully. The lyrical passages in the Divani lugat at-Turk consist of the description of the mistress, the sad moments of the separation of beloved ones, and the poems addressed to his beloved one. The issue of fine art and its location is noteworthy in them. The devices used in them play an essential role as the initial version in the context of the literature of the Turkic peoples. The author cites some examples of such poetic art: tashbih, oxymoron, metaphor, tajnis, repetition, hyperbole (mubalaga), irsali masal, etc. These devices were actively reflected in all types of poetry of the later period. This article discusses the semantics of lyrical poems in the Divani lugat at-Turk and reveals their fine art.

TRANSFORMATION OF CURRENT ISSUES OF MODERN SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES

The article provides estimates of the “material standard of living” of the world’s population by periods (life expectancy, the volume of production of consumer goods, services, and products per capita). Many scientists and experts, politicians and, statesmen who have left their mark on world history have thought about the concept of progress. Most of them supported the idea of “progress” only from the bottom up. One described the pinnacle of progress as Chinese communism and, another called it “Western democracy.” This one-sided explanation reflects in the theory of five entities. (primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and, communism or Western democracy). It emphasizes that all nations must go through these formations. The end of the twentieth century was characterized not only by the breakdown of the socialist system so “longawaited” in the West, the disappearance of the bipolar world and the emergence of world centers of power, unpredictable insane globalization with all the ensuing consequences, but, as it is obvious now, by the emergence of new, previously unseen threats and challenges not only to the sovereignty of individual countries but, above all, by threats to the existence of both each individual and by challenges to the existence of people itself. The first quarter of the 21st century, more than ever before, stuck out, exposed and, brought to the culmination point all painful problems - environmental, economic, geopolitical, socio-cultural, etc. The problem of adequate analysis and forecasting of these threats and challenges did not test, methodologically verified. The study made it possible to conclude that the issue of global and national security on earth is one of the main tasks of any state. And the understanding of the current requirements plays a principal role in preventing the emergence of a threat factor. Thus, understanding the period is one of the dominant needs in preventing the emergence of a threat factor

THE WAQF LANDS IN TURKESTAN DURING THE COLONIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ( IN 1865-1881 ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SYRDARYA REGION)

The article examines the state of the waqf lands in the Turkestan general-governorate, created during the colonization of the Russian Empire, using the example of the Syrdarya region. The study mainly used primary archival sources, materials from the office of the Governor-General of the region, and scientific works on this topic. We analyzed the reasons for the establishment of the waqf lands in the area and their significance, as well as the fact that these lands became abandoned as a result of the colonial policy of the tsarist authorities. The General government in Turkestan was created in 1867 based on the Syrdarya and Semirechensk regions. The Syrdarya region included such ancient cities as Tashkent, Turkestan, and Shymkent. Waqf lands have existed in these parts since time immemorial. After the Russian invasion, these cities became the first objects of political experiments of the tsarist administration. In the early stages of local self-government, the Russian government generally adhered to a policy of non-interference concerning waqfs and the Islamic religion in the region. But with the arrival of the first governor-general von Kaufmann in Turkestan, a colonial policy concerning the lands began. Some of the land owned by the waqfs was transferred to the state account, while others were left unattended. With the cessation of income from waqf lands, mosques, madrassas, and other sacred places Muslims were deprived of their financial resources. This situation harmed the socio-economic life of the peasants who worked on these waqf lands. We investigated this issue based on the principle of historicism. In the study, we used quantitative, systematic, content analysis, and problem-chronological methods of microhistory

LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS OF INFORMATION SOCIETY

This article analyzes the socio-philosophical and methodological aspects of the problems and prospects of language and communication in an information society. The paper notes that the communicative process is the process of formation and development of all social spheres. Language and communication provide communication between people. We know that language is of great importance as a means of communication. Language and means of communication give us a dialogic or interactive form of communication. In an information society, language and communication are a unique form of cultural, historically conditioned spiritual communication between people. The means of communication, in turn, depend on the cultural, historical, economic, and socio-political living conditions of people, the level of production, and the development of humanity. The development of language and means of communication always takes place under the direct influence of the needs of production. It grows on a cultural, interpersonal, ethnic, and global scale at all levels of social and societal structure. Therefore, the ability to communicate with each other should be included in the concept of human capital and be part of intellectual capital. The language and communication problems have scientific and practical significance in a context consistent with the cultural development of society. Such a dynamic feature of language is very significant for socio-cultural development and social institutions. The philosophical paradigm of language is determined by the adaptation of philosophy, linguistics, rhetoric, which means the complexity of sciences. They help to define the main dimensions, criteria (parameters) of the research program. In this complex, the phenomenon of language serves as the dominant socio-philosophical thought. Language is an attribute of social and human existence. It is significant for the production and reproduction processes of human life, especially for education and communication. The socialization of language as an information-communicative system, that is, serves as a means of expressing reality and a means of transmitting the information. At the same time, the principle aspect is the ability of information and communications to interact. In this regard, a dialectical unity of information and communicative aspects has emerged in the culture of language and communication.

THE BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCE “USUL AL-FIQH” IN MAWARANNAHR

The purpose of the article is to study the contribution of scientists of Mawarannahr to the formation and development of the theory of Islamic law – usulu-l-fiqh. The study examines the factors that led to the emergence of usulu-l-fiqh in Iraq and its subsequent spread in the East. The article analyzes the scientific activity of the scientists of Mawarannahr and the influence of their works on the development of the al-fiqh method. We have studied written sources on usulu-l-fiqh in the region and their features. New concepts and methods introduced into the science of usulu-lfiqh through the books of Kaffal Shashi Mahasinu-sh-shari’a, Takvimu-l-adilla of Abu Zayd Dabusi, and Usulu-l-Pazdawi of Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi. We researched the scientific activity and scientific works of such faqihs as Shamsu-la’imma Muhammad Sarakhsi, Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi, Alau-d-din Samarkandi, Abu Hafs Umar Nasafi, Hisamiddin Akhsikati, Nizamiddin Shashi, Abul Barakat Nasafi, Sadrush-shaheed Ubaidullah ibn Mas’ud Bukhari. The article provides valuable information about such works as Takvimul-adilla, Usulu-l-Pazdawi, Usulu-s-Sarakhsi, Mizanu-l-usul, Manar, at-Talvih and comments and annotations to them. In conclusion, the importance of works on the science of usulul-fiqh for understanding the theoretical foundations, goals, and essence of Islam is explained

-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERCONFESSIONAL RELATIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND UZBEKISTAN

The article examines the history of religions of the Turkic past, Islamic Renaissance, Tsarist imperialism, Soviet atheism, and nowadays. The author analyzes constitutional and special laws, describes religious diversity and cultural pluralism, examines the system and institutions of religious education, identifies the main reasons for the radicalization of the two countries. He pays special attention to the specifics of the manifestation of religious radicalism in each of the two countries, their approaches to this problem and ways of countering the terrorist threat, and systematizes the opinions of various scientists. The negative consequences of historical and political events on the religious life of the Uzbek and Kazakh societies are determined. The choice of these states is due to the similarity of their history, culture, and political system. A comparative analysis of the state of interfaith relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan is carried out according to the following criteria: historical stages, legislative and legal framework, religious associations, religious education, the problem of religious extremism and fundamentalism. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the interaction of the authorities with religious and confessional structures, to identify the main problems of interfaith relations and the religious situation in general. This study contributes to a better understanding of ethno-confessional and inter-confessional politics in modern realities, as well as an analysis of the state and forecast of the prospects for the development of tolerant inter-confessional relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the context of religious pluralism, globalism, and actual challenges of the postmodern era. It is necessary to gradually strengthen the legislative, political and socio-economic base, which will be aimed at the secular path of development of our countries, without prejudice to confessions and religious organizations, which are separated from the state by definition. In the Turkic period history of Central Asia, many concrete examples testify to the positive experience of historically peaceful coexistence of various religions in the Central Asian Turkic-Muslim region. These historical facts should and can positively influence the further strengthening of interreligious cooperation and harmony

ABOUT ANIMALS MENTIONED IN THE QURAN

The purpose of this article consists of studying the animals mentioned in the Quran, their use in the verses, methods of using images of animals in the narration and parables of a story to make them impressive, and their peculiarities. The article analyzes the causes and purposes of the verses of the Quran, which state that human activity is directly related to the animal world. Moreover, it studies the Arabic words and synonyms used to express the names of the animals in the verses. Arabic sources state that there are all living beings, all of which are called animals. Indeed, the word animal is the Arabic word that means life. Everything, if there is life in it, is in the state of motion, life is action, and it is life. It is also illustrated in the Quran that animals are as Ummah as humans, and more than 140 verses use them. Thus, the current article also explores these aspects of the issue. For example, in the Quran, animals performed various functions. For instance, the Hudhud bird was in the service of Solomon (p.b.u.h.) and, thus, it had the leading role. In Sura an-Naml, this bird came as a servant of the Prophet Solomon (p.b.u.h.). The article also studies the cases associated with animals in the Prophets’ miracles. Moreover, the article analyzes the verses in the Quran which provide information about some forbidden animals (for Muslims). It is necessary to study whether to eat the meat of animals or not according to Fiqh rules. The current article analyzes how Uzbek language commentators translated Arabic words of animals into the Uzbek language. For instance, various synonyms are used in Arabic to express the age, sex, and other similar aspects of a camel. In addition, in the Quran, there are such words as well. To depict the word camel the words such as ibil, bair, naqa, bahira, soiba were used in the Quran. In the conclusion part, the article reveals the importance of studying the animals mentioned in the Quran and their images.

HISTORY OF THE ENTRY OF CHRISTIANITY INTO CYBERSPACE

This article emphasizes the influx of Christianity into cyberspace, the history of the first virtual forums, groups, networks, and websites relevant to this religion. It discusses the results of the studies on the widespread of faith, particularly Christianity, on the Internet. Examples, obtained as a result of American, Canadian, and British scientists’ observation of these processes, are provided. As it is known, scientists divide the studies on the correlation between religion and the Internet into three periods. Based on this fact, we paid attention to the studies of the leading representatives of each period and their results. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process, which began with a simple message on a bulletin board system (BBS), began to develop rapidly. Special forums on the expression of religious views (e.g. “Origins”, 1983) and virtual groups dedicated to Christianity (“net.religion.Christian”, 1984) come to light. The author analyzes and justifies these groups were paid much attention and participated actively by the general population and the church. The article identifies the most discussed topics in the virtual communities, which were established in the first network for religious dialogue Ecunet in their public and private (paid) conversations. It provides information about an online religious ceremony on the memory of the missing astronauts of the Challenger spacecraft. It shows how the emergence of the free World Wide web and the possibility of working with hypertext and creating websites influenced the dynamics of Christianity in cyberspace. It also provides information on the leading websites of cyber-communication technologies and which sects and churches they belong to.

“MEYORU-Т-TADOYYUN” AS RELIGIOUS AND MORAL SOURCE

In the second half of the 19th century, marked by intensive scientific researches, the educator and encyclopedist Ahmad Donish left behind a rich scientific legacy, particularly his work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, which to this day remains poorly studied. Even though the name of this work is known to the scientific community, few people are still familiar with its content. The article analyzes the religious and moral factors that caused the creation of the work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, the recommendations of Ahmad Donish regarding the coverage of the history of world religions, and the rights of representatives of different religions to consider their beliefs as the only true ones. Ahmad Donish proposed a series of large-scale reforms in the Bukhara Emirate. These reforms assumed the coverage of a complex of political, economic, and social problems of the country, which would contribute to the establishment of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence of citizens of the Bukhara Emirate, belonging to various religious beliefs. In his work, Ahmad Donish turned to the scientific heritage of his forerunners to strengthen the correctness of his ideas. The sources for it were such works as the works of Sheikh Fariddin Attor (Tazkiratu-l-avliya), Mavlono Jami (Nafatahul-uns), Sarvi Bustani and his Tadilu-l-mizan, considered to be the edition of Mizanu-l-Haq, Mizanu-l-mavazin by Abdullah Mashhadi, Nasikhatu-l-muminin by Hafiz Gulom Halim Dehlevi, Rabboniilikni anglash (Understanding the Rabbinic ) by Abdulqadyr Gelani, including Kimiyoi Saodat and Imam Ghazali, such religious and moralistic works as Kanzu-lirfon and Hadisi Qudsi. The content of the work traces the influence of the philosophical views of Abu Nasr Farabi on the formation of the religious and moral ideas of Ahmad Donish. The author of the article, outlining his thoughts about the meaning of «Me’yoru-t-tadoiyun» for the present, emphasizes and gives several convincing examples confirming the importance of this work for ensuring interreligious harmony of tolerance, resolving mutual contradictions between different religions. The author ends the article with scientific conclusions about the meaning and role of the studied work «Me’yoru-t-tadoyun» in the education of modern youth and in explaining the essence of the true doctrine of Islam.

HARMONY OF NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES IN THE GOVERNMENT OF AMIR TEMUR

The article examines the state administration of Amir Temur and his belief in the spiritual heritage, religious values, customs and traditions is considered as a factor in the development of the mentality of the people. People are naturally united only in justice, equality, faith and other values. Determining the socio-political status of values in public administration, the public activity of the state is actually ensured. Therefore, it is emphasized that in ancient times our ancestors created appropriate political systems based on values, paid special attention to the divine source of power, the pursuit of justice, truth and good deeds was an integral part of political power. The beginning of human civilization and the process of statehood have been preserved at a cultural distance from Zoroastrianism to Islam, and one of the greatest legacies of Amir Temur in state building is the creation of a philosophical structure of political power. The role and place of each in the relationship of society, state, religion is based on the fact that these institutions have always been relevant as key issues in the corresponding period and culture, defining the external forms of this single civilizational structure and internal architecture of any state. Therefore, the study of issues of interaction between power and religion allows you to find mutually beneficial forms of the state. Historical experience shows that the greatness of the state creates a legal (fair) environment only through the values of society. Historical examples of how Amir Temur in his policy, by the will of the Creator, achieved the image of greatness and reached the eternity of such power are considered.