Action Verb Nosi `Cooking` in Bima Language: A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage

There are two subordinate structures in action verbs, namely uncompositional polysemy. Action verbs to do and happen are action verbs with uncomposed polysemy, including Cooking Nose. This research aims to find out the mapping and explication of the 'cooking' action verb. The method used is qualitative. The data source consists of oral data taken from key informants, written data collected from storybooks in the Bima language and language intuition. The technique used is interview and literature study. The data collection method is advanced, namely the agih method with the application of transformation and insertion techniques used to reveal the original meaning contained in BBM. The default meaning is used to determine the semantic structure of VBBm by explication or paraphrasing techniques. Each verb nosi cooking is based on: the tool, the model of movement, the part of the entity that is being treated, the result that the agent wants to achieve. The results show that the Bima language action verb 'Cooking' in general has a component mapping `X Doing something to Y` and therefore `Something happened to Y`. A number of words that contain the meaning of cooking: lowi, mbako, danda, salunga, puru, sanggowo, sanggapi, suje, ncango, and tumi, gule. This variant has unique semantic characteristics so that the meaning content of each word is different even though it is still in the same field of meaning (Cf. Adawiyah, 2021).

A SYNTACTICAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS IN THE TRANSLATION OF LAYLA MAJNUN'S ROMANCE IN 2002

<p>The purpose of this study is to describe the syntactic structure in the metaphors in Layla Majnun's translation of the novel. The data was obtained from the novel Layla Majnun published by Navila through listening with simak bebas libat cakap technique. Data analysis was padan using pilah unsur tertentu method, namely by sorting certain elements using referential sorting. The results showed that the metaphorical structure in Layla Majnun's novel was dominated by phrases and clauses. Images in the structure of phrases and clauses are displayed through the categories of nouns and verbs. The form of the verb in the clause is found in the form of action verbs, events and circumstances. The variety of these forms proves that the metaphorical structure is consistent in constructing its construction to form a concrete meaning that is easily understood by the reader.</p>

THE CONCEPTUAL FIELD „GLÜCK“ IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE DISCOURSE

The present paper pays a special attention to such terms as “concept” and “conceptual field”, which play an extremely important role in understanding the processes of conceptualization of the reality in human cognition. The interpretation of the conceptual field as a fixed grouping of typologically and semantically homogeneous and hierarchically arranged concepts is substantiated in the study. The principles of modeling the conceptual field “Glück” in the German language discourse are considered. The means of verbalization of the concept “Glück”, namely a set of nominal lexemes for designating positive emotions (the lexeme “Glück” and its synonyms registered in the texts: Glück, Freude, Geschick, Heil, Hochgefühl, Schwein, Segen, Wonne) are under investigation. Based on the analysis of collocations of positively marked emotive nouns with verbs that cover certain areas in the conceptual field under study, the structure of the conceptual field “Glück” in the German language discourse is modeled. The conceptual areas constituting the core, the near and the far periphery are outlined. The degree of connection between different conceptual areas is determined and the areas exhibiting strong, medium or weak connection are found. Correlations between the conceptual areas have been established, each of which, forming figures of various configurations, is considered as a single conceptual complex. The use of methods of structural linguistics in the study of conceptual processes made it possible to obtain relevant objective data on the actualization of the emotional concept “Glück” in the German fiction of the 20th century. In summary, the author’s interpretation of the term “conceptual field” is suggested, which is defined as a set of conceptual spheres (areas) connected by systemic, interrelated and complementary relations, which is represented by the lexical field units (words) and within which units of the lexical level function and realize their meanings. The structure of the conceptual field “Glück” has been determined. The following conceptual areas constitute the core: “verbs of movement and displacement”, “verbs designating occurrence or appearance” and “verbs of spatial localization”. The near periphery is formed by: “action verbs”, “relational semantics verbs”, “stative, processual verbs”, “verbs of being”, and “verbs of mental and social actions of the subject.” The far periphery includes the following conceptual areas: “verbs of sounding and onomatopoeia”, “characterization verbs”, and “modal verbs”. Key words: concept, verbalizers, correlation analysis, conceptual field, conceptual area, core, periphery.

Abstract Action Language Processing in Eleven-Year-Old Children: Influence of Upper Limb Movement on Sentence Comprehension

Regarding the embodiment of language processing in adults, there is evidence of a close connection between sensorimotor brain areas and brain areas relevant to the processing of action verbs. This thesis is hotly debated and has therefore been thoroughly studied in adults. However, there are still questions concerning its development in children. The present study deals with the processing of action verbs in concrete and abstract sentences in 60 eleven-year-olds using a decision time paradigm. Sixty-five children mirrored arm movements or sat still and rated the semantic plausibility of sentences. The data of the current study suggest that eleven-year-olds are likely to misunderstand the meaning of action verbs in abstract contexts. Their decision times were faster and their error rates for action verbs in concrete sentences were lower. However, the gender of the children had a significant influence on the decision time and the number of errors, especially when processing abstract sentences. Females were more likely to benefit from an arm movement before the decision, while males were better if they sat still beforehand. Overall, children made quite a few errors when assessing the plausibility of sentences, but the female participants more often gave plausibility assessments that deviated from our expectations, especially when processing abstract sentences. It can be assumed that the embodiment of language processing plays some role in 11-year-old children, but is not yet as mature as it is in adults. Especially with regard to the processing of abstract language, the embodied system still has to change and mature in the course of child development.

Semantic structure of Balinese process verbs

Among the three divisions of Verb, the process verb is existing between the state and the action verbs. Since the position is between both other verbs, the article is aimed at analyzing the meaning of Process Verb with Balinese data. The data was collected from two sources, the oral data is from the verification of the key-informen in two regencies in Bali, namely Gianyar and Jembrana. The written ones were collected from four Balinese short stories’ collection by observation and note-taking techniques. The collected data was further analyzed by the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, applying the mapping of meaning configuration and explication. The result shows that there are two types of Balinese process verbs : (i) type of happen and (ii) type of movement. Each type is further subdivided into several sections with the examples taken from the field research. From the analysis, it turns out that there are two findings significantly discussed. They are (i) the lexicon tiis ‘becoming drier and drier’ consisting of two elements at once namely quality with a combination of direction, (ii) the Balinese process verb can be preceded by lexicon sayan ‘getting more or less..’ in terms of giving more meaning emphazes.

Covert societal practices in linguistic choices of Pakistani editorials: Fairclough’s CDA model approach

Purpose: Core concept of CDA revolves around the interdependency of description of language, interpretation of language and prevailing discursive practices in society. This study examines the role a language plays in formulating ideological subjective position of male and female in any contemporary society. Methodology: The study applied Fairclough’s CDA model on the Pakistani editorials of two English newspapers in order to qualitatively analyze the linguistic choices and its placement in the text by focusing on other modalities of language such as adverbs, adjectives, metaphors and action verbs for unraveling the patriarchal practices of the society in which women are at the stake of more disadvantages than the men in COVID-19 pandemic situation. Findings: Editorials showed remarkable use of differences in linguistic choices for depiction of powerful and powerless group. Findings showed the existence of hegemony in society where men dominates women by violating their basic rights. Abusive nature of men during the pandemic situation has transformed women's tendency to attend their work through online sources into a tiresome experience. Linguistic choice and syntactic structure have brought forth the discourse type, situational context and societal practices at the surface level which in turns connect back to the role of society and culture in shaping the perception of editors in writing a piece of editorials. Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: Two newspapers have adopted different stances in depicting a same issue which also reveals the hidden ideology of the press media in which they use implicit or explicit tone in delivering their ideas. This research can help in exploring new dimensions of Pakistani editorials’ language where different tone of language represent unique subject position of female and male in pandemic situation.

Classroom Discourse and Teachers’ Experience: A Cognitive View

In this article, we intend to investigate the role of experience in EFL teachers’ discourse using a cognitive taxonomy. In this line, we are going to examine whether there any significant differences between novice and inexperienced groups of teacher in their discourse with regard to a cognitive taxonomy. The selected sample comprises twenty-seven English teachers engaged in EFL classes. Totally, six categories of cognitive processes were introduced. The categories are from the most concrete to the most abstract: (1) knowledge; (2) comprehension; (3) application; (4) analysis; (5) synthesis; and (6) evaluation. According to the results, it was revealed that experienced teachers used more action verbs in all the categories of this taxonomy (428 action verbs out of 805), whereas novice teachers (teachers which has less than 4 years of experience) used 377 action verbs. It can be concluded that experienced teachers teach in more fruitful and meaningful way. Novice teachers can learn and construct meaning from their experiences when they are actively engaged in authentic activity that will help them to learn to think and act in a community of practice.

On Embodiment of Predicative Metaphor: A Case of English Body-action Verbs

This paper presents an analysis of embodiment of predicative metaphor which is an important topic in cognitive linguistic study. Previous researches are mainly about the identification, classification and construal of predicative metaphor, while its cognitive motivation has not been discussed. Based on the conceptual metaphor theory and embodied philosophy, the cognitive motivation of the metaphorical usage of English body-action verbs is discussed. It is concluded that the metaphorical usage of English body-action verbs arises from the embodied experience. Concepts related to human body are preferred to be the source domain of the cross-domain mapping used to understand other concepts. The metaphorical usage of English body-action verbs is created through human body metaphor.

Speakers exhibit a multimodal Lombard effect in noise

In everyday conversation, we are often challenged with communicating in non-ideal settings, such as in noise. Increased speech intensity and larger mouth movements are used to overcome noise in constrained settings (the Lombard effect). How we adapt to noise in face-to-face interaction, the natural environment of human language use, where manual gestures are ubiquitous, is currently unknown. We asked Dutch adults to wear headphones with varying levels of multi-talker babble while attempting to communicate action verbs to one another. Using quantitative motion capture and acoustic analyses, we found that (1) noise is associated with increased speech intensity and enhanced gesture kinematics and mouth movements, and (2) acoustic modulation only occurs when gestures are not present, while kinematic modulation occurs regardless of co-occurring speech. Thus, in face-to-face encounters the Lombard effect is not constrained to speech but is a multimodal phenomenon where the visual channel carries most of the communicative burden.