Kathi fits in Tamil Paattiyal Grammar Text

Tamil Pattiyal Grammar Works are Grammatial text (Sitrilakkiyam) for literature that originated from the lives of Tamil Speaking people. Pattiyal Grammar text are thought to be an alternative to the long-time grammatical tradition. Follow such a tradition Tamil Paattiyal Grammar state the monolingual principles for the four types of births of the god, people, naragar, animal. These grammar text created a unique identity for itself. This is because of the authors of the book wrote their own ideas as grammatical principles. This is the Hypothesis of the article. This review article is based on the criteria for Descriptive performance, Sociological performance and Comparative performance.

Puthamithranar’s Morphological Theory

Language undergoes some changes over time. These changes contribute to the development of the language. Tamil Grammar texts including Agathiyam, Tolkappiyam, Yapparungalam, Yapparungalakarikai, Purapporul Venpamalai which appeared in Tamil have been grammarized according to the Tamil tradition. However, Veerasozhiyam, which appeared in the 11th century AD, is a slightly different grammar text from this tradition. In particular, the Sanskrit language is written following the grammatical tradition. The author of this text, Ponparri Kavalar Puthamithranar, has written with the thought that Sanskrit Language mother for all tamil words. This Text has five Chapters: Eḻuttu, col, poruḷ, yāppu, alaṅkāram. The comprehensive authority of this Text is the authority to say. It consists of Col Athikaram 55 Norpas: vēṟṟumaip paṭalam (9), upakārap paṭalam (6), tokaip paṭalam (8), tattitap paṭalam (8), tātup paṭalam (11), kiriyā patap paṭalam (13). This system of authority is also based on the grammar of the Sansktrit. This article is based on the Morphological theory of Puthamithranar, ‘Tamil language grammatical tradition and Sanskrit language grammatical tradition are combined’ the hypothesis is put forward and written.

The Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo: between the traditional and the conversational method

Within the Italian FL grammatical tradition, the 19th century is a very fruitful period. In other contributions, we have highlighted how several Portuguese and Italian figures connected to the circle of the S. Carlos Theatre in Lisbon act as preceptors and compose some grammars, which contain a strong normative part and, at the same time, connect themselves to the conversational tradition: among these works, the Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo (Lisbon, 1829) plays a central role, as it goes through four editions over almost forty years. The paper analyses the social and intellectual context of production of this text, besides outlining the author’s profile and providing a philological reconstruction of the sources and models adopted. Furthermore, the paper attempts an analysis of the Grammatica that, on the one hand, highlights both the heritage of the vernacular and Enlightenment grammatical traditions and its innovative aspects and, on the other hand, compares the various editions through the study of their macro-textual areas. The methodology underlying our description follows that proposed by Swiggers (2006, 168) being based on four aspects: the analysis of the author, the audience, the subject described and its form. This approach places the author at the centre of a historical conjuncture in which the traditional grammatical method was associated with that of conversation, responding to the demand of an audience that increasingly approached the study of FL for practical reasons, rather than to meet the traditional educational demands of the upper classes.

The word classes in Arte da Lingoa de lapam by RODRIGUES João: between tradition and innovation

The main objective of this work is to verify the heritage of the Greek-Latin grammatical tradition in Rodrigues’ Artes and in particular, Álvares’ Artes, and the innovation it brings mainly regarding the description of word classes. To this end, we propose to (i) go through the classifications of the parts of a sentence from the beginning up to Álvares, highlighting the word classes in alvaresian grammar; (ii) to analyze the word classes in Rodrigues’ Artes highlighting those that seem to have new features that the European tradition did not previously consider; and (iii) to draw conclusions.

ГРАМАТИЧЕСКИ ФОРМАЛИЗМИ В ПОМОЩ НА ГРАМАТИКОГРАФИЯТА / GRAMMATICAL FORMALISMS IN AID OF GRAMMATICOGRAPHY

This paper presents some of the results of a larger study dedicated to the path of grammatical knowledge from the ancient Greek-Byzantine grammatical treatises to the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world, to the Bulgarian grammatical tradition from the Na-tional Revival period. The focus is on the syntactic element of the grammatical description. A formal notation of the sentence sections in the grammars of Avram Mrazović, Yuriy Venelin and Ivan Bogorov is enclosed to the end of comparing the “art and craft of writing grammars”. Grammatical formalisms have proved to be a reliable tool in the analytical procedures in the phylogenetic study of the Bulgarian syntactic tradition, as well as in the configurational analysis of the sentence, which departs from the practice of asking “questions” and looks into the fundamental property of “syntactic function” through the prism of modern grammar. Keywords: Bulgarian syntactic tradition, grammaticography, grammatical forma-lisms

Unnecessary Necessity

A survey of the Arabic grammatical tradition is not about Arabic alone. It is about scholarly inquiry and debate, diglossic languages, and their contribution to the evolution of language and linguistics.

NEW RULES AND THOLKAAPPIYA RULES IN NANNUL GRAMMAR

Next to the canonical Tholkaappiyam, the book entitled 'Nannool' stands out as the one that closely follows the Tamil grammatical tradition. This book can be considered as a sequel to the 'Tholkaappiyam' with respect to the rudimentary Tamil grammar rules used, though some of which have been omitted over the years, with some improvisations added. 'Nannool' has fine-tuned some aspects which Tholkaappiyam had eleborated in detail to an easier & simplified version of understanding and at the same time consolidated the grammar knowledge within it. The 'word punarchi' rules found in 'Nannool' along with the new added-on 'word punarchi' rules not mentioned in Tholkaappiyam are looked at closely and reviewed in detail in this study. This is the primary aim of this study.

Sanskrit Parsing Following Indian Theories of Verbal Cognition

Pāṇini’s grammar is an important milestone in the Indian grammatical tradition. Unlike grammars of other languages, it is almost exhaustive and together with the theories of śābdabodha (verbal cognition), this grammar provides a system for language analysis as well as generation. The theories of śābdabodha describe three conditions necessary for verbal cognition. They are ākāṅkṣā (expectancy), yogyatā (meaning congruity), and sannidhi (proximity). We examine them from a computational viewpoint and provide appropriate computational models for their representation. Next, we describe the design of a parser following the theories of śābdabodha and present three algorithms for solving the constraints imposed by the theories of śābdabodha . The first algorithm is modeled as a constraint satisfaction problem, the second one as a vertex-centric graph traversal, and the third one as an edge-centric binary join, each one being an improvement over the previous one.

Participle in a compound nominal predicate

This article determines the frequency of using the elements of construction of the compound nominal predicate “copulative verb + participle” in the publicistic speech. Considering the fact that in the English language participle is divided into two types – participle I (present tense) and the participle II (past tense), the article explores the use of 12 copulative – appear, become, get, go, grow, feel, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound in combination with both types of participle. The author also examined the dictionary entries for the verb keep as most controversial in determination of the following infinitive form with the suffix -ing. The article provides the points of view of the linguists noting that the terms “gerund” and “participle I”, inherited from the grammatical tradition are unsuitable, and suggest to consider the infinitive forms (participle I and gerund) as the single -ing form due to somewhat overlap of their functions, homonymity  and difficulty in distinguishing them. Therefore, participle I, as an element following the copulative verb with the suffix –ing is designated in the article as -ing form. Using the methods of continuous sampling and quantitative analysis on the material of the British online news platforms, such as BBC News, The Guardian, The Evening Standard, and The Express, for the period from January 2020 to March 2021, the author established that in the constructions of the compound nominal predicate “copulative verb + -ing form”, "copulative verb + participle II” in the publicistic style texts, the most common copulative verbs are get, keep, feel, become, remain; participle II has the highest frequency as a binding element of the compound nominal predicate. The research involved 200,000 words.

The Concept of Inchoativity in Works of Latin Grammarians

This article touches upon the idea of inchoativity in the works of Roman grammarians. It aims to observe the development of the usage of the term inchoativus in the Roman grammatical tradition. The study is based on Latin grammatical treatises dating back to the 3rd-7th centuries A.D., the most part of which was published by Heinrich Keil in the second half of the 19th century. Besides Keil's edition, the article refers to recent editions of grammatical treatises. The study was conducted using three digital textual databases including Corpora Corporum, Digital Library of Latin Texts, and PHI Latin Texts. The Latin adjective inchoativus (or inco-hativus, а less common spelling), which literally means ‘inceptive, initial', is attested in three meanings and is used in collocations concerning verbal tense, verbal inflection, and conjunctions respectively. The first two usages were widespread and refer to verbal categories, while the last one is attested only once. The article is divided into two parts. The first one discusses collocations with types of verbal tense such as gradus ‘grade, degree', distantia ‘distance', differentia ‘difference', discertio ‘difference', species ‘aspect' and tempus ‘tense' itself. The second part deals with Roman grammatical categories including forma ‘form', qualitas ‘quality', species ‘aspect', genus ‘voice', figura ‘figure'. The study draws a conclusion that the adjective inchoativus/incohativus is used with categories of tense and aspect only in the works of early grammarians including Probus, Sacerdos, Diomedes, Charisius, and PseudoProbus. However, these grammarians also mention this term with regard to verb forms ending in -sco. Mostly, inchoativity is bound with the Roman verbal category of forma, which can be observed in the works by Dositheus, Phocas, Eutyches, Audax, Pseudo-Victorinus, Donatus and his commentators Sergius, Servius, Pompeius, Cledonius, and Julian of Toledo, and species (Macrobius, Priscian), which is not to be confused with the species of tense mentioned above. Pseudo-Asper is the only Roman grammarian who exceptionally puts inchoativity into the category of figura and spells inchoativus as incohativus. If the category of forma is absent, inchoativity is reckoned to be a verbal quality (Diomedes). Inchoativity is included into the category of voice in case voice is regarded as a subcategory of quality (Sacerdos, Pseudo-Probus, and Cledonius). In respect to forms ending in -sco, inchoativity is a manifestation of the so-called grammatical category of quality.