Language interaction effects in bimodal bilingualism

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Koulidobrova
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Null Argument ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Argument Omission

Abstract The focus of the paper is a phenomenon well documented in both monolingual and bilingual English acquisition: argument omission. Previous studies have shown that bilinguals acquiring a null and a non-null argument language simultaneously tend to exhibit unidirectional cross-language interaction effects — the non-null argument language remains unaffected but over-suppliance of overt elements in the null argument language is observed. Here subject and object omission in both ASL (null argument) and English (non-null argument) of young ASL-English bilinguals is examined. Results demonstrate that in spontaneous English production, ASL-English bilinguals omit subjects and objects to a higher rate, for longer, and in unexpected environments when compared with English monolinguals and bilinguals; no effect on ASL is observed. Findings also show that the children differentiate between their two languages — rates of argument omission in English are different during ASL vs. English target sessions differ. Implications for the general theory of bilingual effects are offered.

Irrealis and the Subjunctive

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Givón
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Natural Place ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Language

This paper suggest that in order to understand the cross-language distribution of the subjunctive mood one needs to understand the cross-grammar distribution of the irrealis modality, as well as have a general theory of modality, within which irrealis takes its rightful natural place. The subjunctive mood turns out to occupy two coherent sub regions within irrealis: (a) the subjunctive of lower certainty (within the epistemic sub-mode of irrealis), and (b) the subjunctive of weaker manipulation (within the deontic sub-mode of irrealis). A grammaticalized subjunctive may take the same form in both sub-modes (as in Romance), or two distinct forms (as in some Bantu languages). The paper also investigates the diachronic pathways of grammaticalization through which various subjunctive patterns arise, showing that analogical extension patterns exist in both directions — from deontic to epistemic and vice versa. The interaction between grammaticalization patterns and functional universals is also discussed.

scholarly journals Qualitative relationism about subject and object of perception and experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pace Giannotta
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Genetic Phenomenology ◽  
Neutral Monism ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject

Abstract In this paper, I compare various theories of perception in relation to the question of the epistemological and ontological status of the qualities that appear in perceptual experience. I group these theories into two main views: quality externalism and quality internalism, and I highlight their contrasting problems in accounting for phenomena such as perceptual relativity, illusions and hallucinations (the “problem of perception”). Then, I propose an alternative view, which I call qualitative relationism and which conceives of the subject and the object of perceptual experience as essentially related to one another (hence relationism) in a process of co-constitution out of fundamental qualities (hence qualitative relationism). I lend support to this view by drawing on Husserl’s genetic phenomenology, which I complement with a form of neutral monism. I argue that the investigation of the temporal structure of perceptual experience leads us to find at its heart a qualitative process that is more fundamental than the two relata of perception and that gives rise to them. Then, I extend this account of perception into a general theory of intentionality and experience and I develop its implications into a neutral monist metaphysics.

Cause, causer and causee: a semantic perspective

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashi Wali
Keyword(s):  
Object Relations ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Grammatical Relation ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Cross Language

In recently proposed analyses of the causee's case (Aissen, 1974; Cole, 1976; Comrie, 1976) it has been generally assumed that: (a) causatives are underlyingly bisentential with a structure such as s[X cause s[Y to do something (run, hit, jog, … ]s]s; (b) the causative merger with its complement verb erases the grammatical relation of the complement subject; and (c) the case of the derived NP (i.e. the causee) emerging from the complement subject is determined by some universal grammatical principles of higher order.1 On the basis of a cross-language study, Comrie (1976a), for example, has suggested that the case of the causee follows from two main syntactic principles: the Doubling constraint and the Case Hierarchy (CH). The doubling constraint prevents the primary subject and object relations from duplicating in simple structures. The case hierarchy, which feeds on the doubling constraint, demotes the causee to Direct, Indirect, or Oblique Object (DO, IO, OO) position with each increase in the number of complement arguments of the causative construction. Thus if the complement clause is without an object, the causee positions itself as DO, the highest unoccupied position on the hierarchy. If the complement DO is already present the causee moves to IO, and if both DO and IO positions are filled, the causee demotes to OO NP whose nature under CH is unspecified. Turkish supposedly represents a paradigm of this operation.

Subject and object omission in children's early transitive constructions: A discourse-pragmatic approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
EILEEN GRAF ◽  
ANNA THEAKSTON ◽  
ELENA LIEVEN ◽  
MICHAEL TOMASELLO
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Elicitation Study ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Status ◽  
Pragmatic Feature ◽  
Argument Omission

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates discourse effects on the provision of both subjects and objects and investigates whether pragmatic discourse features govern the realization/omission of both constituents alike. In an elicitation study, we examined how the discourse-pragmatic feature contrast, as applied to the subject, verb, or object of a transitive utterance affected the provision of elements in the remainder of the sentence when all elements were previously introduced. The results showed that 3.5-year-old children were more likely to realize a contrasted argument with a lexical noun but more likely to omit the argument when it was not part of a contrast, regardless of its subject or object status. This suggests that contrast presents a unifying discourse feature for argument omission in language development.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Psychometric Parameters of the Spanish Version of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (S-KUAS)1

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Joaquin Tomás-Sabádo ◽  
Juana Gómez-Benito
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Language Equivalence

Summary: To construct a Spanish version of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (S-KUAS), the Arabic and English versions of the KUAS have been separately translated into Spanish. To check the comparability in terms of meaning, the two Spanish preliminary translations were thoroughly scrutinized vis-à-vis both the Arabic and English forms by several experts. Bilingual subjects served to explore the cross-language equivalence of the English and Spanish versions of the KUAS. The correlation between the total scores on both versions was .93, and the t value was .30 (n.s.), denoting good similarity. The Alphas and 4-week test-retest reliabilities were greater than .84, while the criterion-related validity was .70 against scores on the trait subscale of the STAI. These findings denote good reliability and validity of the S-KUAS. Factor analysis yielded three high-loaded factors of Behavioral/Subjective, Cognitive/Affective, and Somatic Anxiety, equivalent to the original Arabic version. Female (n = 210) undergraduates attained significantly higher mean scores than their male (n = 102) counterparts. For the combined group of males and females, the correlation between the total score on the S-KUAS and age was -.17 (p < .01). By and large, the findings of the present study provide evidence of the utility of the S-KUAS in assessing trait anxiety levels in the Spanish undergraduate context.

Review of A General Theory of Crime.

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1225
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
General Theory Of Crime ◽  
Theory Of Crime
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