Moral Code of a Person

The paper reveals the moral code, extolled in the renowned Kipling’s poem “If” by means of cognitive interpretation. The author’s message containing his idea of moral code is unraveled in minimum meaningful spaces of the poem (usually one or two lines), which are analyzed in depth. Each space highlights the trajector features of character and the corresponding reference frames (domains), which serve as background for their understanding. The peculiarity of moral concepts consists in the fact that they are based on the evaluative component and therefore they form binary oppositions. The antagonist for the moral concept within such opposition serves as its benchmark, since the essence of a moral value is revealed only when it is contrasted to its opposite, therefore the paper makes an attempt of alignment trajector domains with the benchmarks. In order to delve into the Kipling’s understanding of moral code the distinguished ethical values were arranged in the form of field model. The nucleus of the model comprises most frequently actualized values from the moral code, while periphery includes values with lower rate of actualization. Along with cognitive analyses of Kipling’s moral doctrine the paper highlights the peculiarities of poetic narration, which include abstract dictum, use of subjunctive mood and symbolism. Particular attention is also paid to the use of personification and metaphor.

The use of default forms in codeswitching

This paper examines the effects that codeswitching (CS) has on mood selection in restrictive relative clauses in the Spanish of heritage speakers (HSs). Spanish HS participants completed an online acceptability judgment task in which they rated monolingual (i.e., unilingual) and codeswitched sentences containing verbs in indicative and subjunctive mood in restrictive relative clauses manipulated for specificity of the antecedent. The results indicated an association of the subjunctive with non-specificity in monolingual sentences that was lost in the codeswitched sentences, although this effect was modulated by proficiency. These results are discussed in terms of the use of default forms in CS.

How Many Moods Are There in Polish? The Case of the Polish Subjunctive

The present paper is concerned with the Polish construction introduced with the subordinating complementizer żeby. The construction is interesting for its mood properties, which have been subject of a long-standing debate in Polish linguistics. The paper explores the semantic range of the construction and illuminates its mood properties. More specifically, it argues that żeby clauses represent a subjunctive mood and as such should be distinguished from indicative and conditional constructions. This distinction is described in terms of Langacker’s model of control and Givón’s theory of semantic binding. It is argued that the żeby construction constitutes an intermediate category between indicative mood, which grants the speaker a high degree of control over a proposition described in the complement clause, on the one hand, and conditional mood, which situates a proposition outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of control, on the other. The paper also highlights the iconic and metonymic motivation behind the distribution of żeby clauses in present-day Polish.

Ambiguity of Future in the Past in the Modern English Language

The article raises the question of ambiguity of Future in the Past in expressing the future tense in the modern English language. The author of the article analyzes should/would + infinitive, its grammatical status and the expressed lexical meaning. The article notes that ambiguity of Future in the Past is mainly due to the homonymy of should/would + infinitive forms with the forms of the subjunctive mood. However, Future in the Past is a part of the verb system of tenses in the modern English language and it expresses assumption, intention or obligation to perform a future action from the past position.

Subjuntivo en oraciones independientes

In this paper, three cases of grammatical variation in Spanish are studied in which a subjunctive verb alternates with another verbal mood in a main clause: optative main sentences with a bare subjunctive verb (alternating with optative main sentences introduced by a conjunction or an adverb); declarative and interrogative sentences with a subjunctive verb (alternating with a conditional verb); and «retrospective imperative» sentences (where the subjunctive mood alternates with a perfect infinitive). It is proposed that, in the varieties where these main clauses with a subjunctive verb are possible, the subjunctive mood has a performative value and satisfies the illocutionary properties in Force associated with sentential modality. The performative value of subjunctive is associated with an irrealis modal base, which is provided by the lexical meaning of a modal verb or by the past perfect temporal anchoring of tense. The proposal shows that the same conditions constraint the three constructions under study and explains the coincidence between the varieties that allow the performative subjunctive (or use it more frequently).

CONTEXTUAL FEATURES OF THE IRREAL MODALITY IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The paper attempts to build a system of functions of the Russian subjunctive mood and irreal comparison constructions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the multi - level text modality (from an application of a modality-based semantic grammar to an aesthetic). The distinction between objective and subjective modality allows to identify their contextual features. There wasn’t an irreal modality in old Russian texts. But number of irreal signs had been rising since the aesthetic, art role of written language enhanced. Meanwhile the objective unreal modality of fairy tales was created by the subjunctive mood in Russian folklore. The unreal modality had reached its apotheosis in modern style fin de siècle. The irreal comparison constructions also were widespread, especially that came from the future tense form. But there were also Russian rare "imperfect" relicts. Subsequently, grammar constructions typical of art Nouveau, similar to the European "future in the past", creating an alternate reality, replaced by the imperative mood second person, with the illocutionary act of calling for change to the existing reality in the early avant-garde and by the imperative mood third-person with a particle of "pust’" in the mid-twentieth century, with the word "puskay", that gave its peculiar connotation and that was used not only as a formative particle, but also as a modal particle, resonant with a non-equivalent particle «avos’».

The Effectiveness of Indirect Correction Method Aided by Correction Codes

This research discusses the effectiveness of indirect correction method supported by Karin Kleppin’s correction codes on writing assignments. The research participants were FIB UI’s German Studies Program students from the German Language IV course. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in helping students recognize and correct morphological and syntactic errors. This is done by comparing the number of errors and analyzing them with the highest and lowest percentages of successful correction. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of this method in minimizing errors during the research was explored quantitatively by comparing the number of errors. The three corpora analysed in this research were the pretest, correction, and posttest writing assignments. The results indicate that punctuation, subjunctive mood, and grammatical case are the errors that had the highest percentages of successful correction, while errors modal verb, sentence structure, and missing elements had the lowest percentage of successful correction. 12 out of 15 errors analysed in this research were successfully recognized and corrected by at least 50% of all participants. Thus, this method can be said to be quite effective in recognizing and correcting errors. However, the effectiveness of this method in minimizing errors in the posttest did not bear significant results as only 16 out of 37 participants (43%) experienced a reduction in the number of errors.Keywords: indirect correction, correction code, writing assignment, morphological and syntactical errors, German as a foreign language