Language exposure and online processing efficiency in bilingual development

2014 ◽  
pp. 15-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theres Grüter ◽  
Nereyda Hurtado ◽  
Virginia A. Marchman ◽  
Anne Fernald
Keyword(s):  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development

scholarly journals Exposure and input in bilingual development

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANNE E. CARROLL
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development ◽  
The Right

A growing literature on bilingual development explores relationships between language exposure and learning outcomes. Vocabulary size and pace of grammar learning have been claimed to be causally related to amounts or types of exposure to each language. Strong claims are made about the role of exposure on bilingual outcomes. Some researchers posit a unique learning result: a ‘weak language’. In a critical review, I voice reasons for scepticism that quantity or quality of exposure alone will explain findings. Central constructs are not well defined; inappropriate research methods have been used; the right kind of data is not discussed. Crucially, authors prevaricate on the notion of language itself, switching between cognitive and environmental perspectives. Both are needed to interpret bilingual behaviours but play different roles in the construction of learner grammars.

scholarly journals A real-time photogrammetry system based on embedded architecture

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-5 ◽  
pp. 633-638
Author(s):  
S. Y. Zheng ◽  
L. Gui ◽  
X. N. Wang ◽  
D. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Embedded Computing ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Embedded Architecture ◽  
The Embedded System

In order to meet the demand of real-time spatial data processing and improve the online processing capability of photogrammetric system, a kind of real-time photogrammetry method is proposed in this paper. According to the proposed method, system based on embedded architecture is then designed: using FPGA, ARM+DSP and other embedded computing technology to build specialized hardware operating environment, transplanting and optimizing the existing photogrammetric algorithm to the embedded system, and finally real-time photogrammetric data processing is realized. At last, aerial photogrammetric experiment shows that the method can achieve high-speed and stable on-line processing of photogrammetric data. And the experiment also verifies the feasibility of the proposed real-time photogrammetric system based on embedded architecture. It is the first time to realize real-time aerial photogrammetric system, which can improve the online processing efficiency of photogrammetry to a higher level and broaden the application field of photogrammetry.

scholarly journals How vocabulary size in two languages relates to efficiency in spoken word recognition by young Spanish–English bilinguals

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIRGINIA A. MARCHMAN ◽  
ANNE FERNALD ◽  
NEREYDA HURTADO
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

ABSTRACTResearch using online comprehension measures with monolingual children shows that speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition are correlated with lexical development. Here we examined speech processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary development in bilingual children learning both Spanish and English (n=26 ; 2 ; 6). Between-language associations were weak: vocabulary size in Spanish was uncorrelated with vocabulary in English, and children's facility in online comprehension in Spanish was unrelated to their facility in English. Instead, efficiency of online processing in one language was significantly related to vocabulary size in that language, after controlling for processing speed and vocabulary size in the other language. These links between efficiency of lexical access and vocabulary knowledge in bilinguals parallel those previously reported for Spanish and English monolinguals, suggesting that children's ability to abstract information from the input in building a working lexicon relates fundamentally to mechanisms underlying the construction of language.

scholarly journals Individual Chunking Ability Predicts Efficient or Shallow L2 Processing: Eye-Tracking Evidence From Multiword Units in Relative Clauses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel F. Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Multiword Units

Behavioral studies on language processing rely on the eye-mind assumption, which states that the time spent looking at text is an index of the time spent processing it. In most cases, relatively shorter reading times are interpreted as evidence of greater processing efficiency. However, previous evidence from L2 research indicates that non-native participants who present fast reading times are not always more efficient readers, but rather shallow parsers. Because earlier studies did not identify a reliable predictor of variability in L2 processing, such uncertainty around the interpretation of reading times introduces a potential confound that undermines the credibility and the conclusions of online measures of processing. The present study proposes that a recently developed modulator of online processing efficiency, namely, chunking ability, may account for the observed variability in L2 online reading performance. L1 English – L2 Spanish learners’ eye movements were analyzed during natural reading. Chunking ability was predictive of overall reading speed. Target relative clauses contained L2 Verb-Noun multiword units, which were manipulated with regards to their L1-L2 congruency. The results indicated that processing of the L1-L2 incongruent units was modulated by an interaction of L2 chunking ability and level of knowledge of multiword units. Critically, the data revealed an inverse U-shaped pattern, with faster reading times in both learners with the highest and the lowest chunking ability scores, suggesting fast integration in the former, and lack of integration in the latter. Additionally, the presence of significant differences between conditions was correlated with individual chunking ability. The findings point at chunking ability as a significant modulator of general L2 processing efficiency, and of cross-language differences in particular, and add clarity to the interpretation of variability in the online reading performance of non-native speakers.

scholarly journals Dual language exposure and early bilingual development

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIKA HOFF ◽  
CYNTHIA CORE ◽  
SILVIA PLACE ◽  
ROSARIO RUMICHE ◽  
MELISSA SEÑOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Dual Language ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development

ABSTRACTThe extant literature includes conflicting assertions regarding the influence of bilingualism on the rate of language development. The present study compared the language development of equivalently high-SES samples of bilingually and monolingually developing children from 1 ; 10 to 2 ; 6. The monolingually developing children were significantly more advanced than the bilingually developing children on measures of both vocabulary and grammar in single language comparisons, but they were comparable on a measure of total vocabulary. Within the bilingually developing sample, all measures of vocabulary and grammar were related to the relative amount of input in that language. Implications for theories of language acquisition and for understanding bilingual development are discussed.

scholarly journals Questionário sociolinguístico parental para famílias emigrantes bilingues (QuesFEB) uma ferramenta de recolha de dados sociolinguísticos de crianças falantes de herança

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 75-102
Author(s):  
Liliana Correia ◽  
Cristina Flores
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Input Quantity ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development

Empirical research in the field of bi-/multilingualism has shown that the acquisition of two (or more) languages during childhood is significantly influenced by the sociolinguistic experience of each individual, namely by the quantity and the quality of language exposure to the target languages (Unsworth 2016a). In fact, the heterogeneity of sociolinguistic contexts in which bilingual acquisition takes place leads to variation in the quantity and quality of the input to which bilingual children are exposed on a daily basis, which, in turn, originates individual variation in the levels of language development in the languages under acquisition, mainly, in the minority language (also known as heritage language/HL; cf. Montrul 2016). In order to assess the effect of language experience on bilingual development, studies usually resort to sociolinguistic questionnaires, which allow the researcher to outline the sociolinguistic profile of the subjects under analysis, as well as to obtain crucial information about predictive variables of bilingual development (see Unsworth 2019). In this paper, we present a sociolinguistic questionnaire, in Portuguese, developed for the collection of data on the sociolinguistic experience of bilingual children, between the ages of six and ten, with a migration background – the Questionário Sociolinguístico Parental para Famílias Emigrantes Bilingues (QuesFEB). This parental questionnaire, intended for researchers who conduct studies in the field of heritage bilingualism, has as its main objective the collection of biographical and sociolinguistic information not only for the detailed characterisation of the context in which bilingual children acquire the heritage language, but also, and mainly, for the quantification of their language experience in the target language, enabling the assessment of the effect that variables related to input quantity and quality have on that language. Besides providing a detailed description of the content of the sections that compose the QuesFEB, we will present, in detail, the method of codification and calculation of four key variables that have been found to be predictive of HL development, namely: (i) current quantity of HL use (i.e., input and output) in the household; (ii) quantity of cumulative exposure to the HL in the household; (iii) quantity of HL use (i.e., input and output) with migrant grandparents who are native speakers of the language of origin; and (iv) richness of the language exposure to the HL.

Parent report data on input and experience reliably predict bilingual development and this is not trivial

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNE PARADIS
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Input Quantity ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Input Quality ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Parent Questionnaires ◽  
Bilingual Development

Carroll (Carroll) takes issue with the use of parent report to obtain quantity of language exposure measures in research on bilingual development. When discussing parent questionnaires, Carroll writes “Temporal units are crude measures of exposure and they tell us nothing about input”. While I agree that temporal units do not tell us much about the fine-grained details of the input within the temporal units, importantly, parent-report-based measures of input quantity have predicted variation in bilingual development of phonology, vocabulary and morphosyntax. These are robust and reliable findings across numerous studies, and yet, Carroll skates over them as if they did not matter, or dismisses them as trivial. Furthermore, Carroll seems to lead readers to believe that only coarse-grained, language-use temporal units have been obtained through this method; on the contrary, researchers have obtained fine-grained input quality details via parent report that also predict bilingual children's development. Finally, in some circumstances, parent report data is the only feasible method for obtaining language exposure information.

scholarly journals Vocabulary size and speed of word recognition in very young French–English bilinguals: A longitudinal study

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE LEGACY ◽  
PASCAL ZESIGER ◽  
MARGARET FRIEND ◽  
DIANE POULIN-DUBOIS
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
New Words ◽  
Language Exposure

A longitudinal study of lexical development in very young French–English bilinguals is reported. The Computerized Comprehension Test (CCT) was used to directly assess receptive vocabulary and processing efficiency, and parental report (CDI) was used to measure expressive vocabulary in monolingual and bilingual infants at 16 months, and six months later, at 22 months. All infants increased their comprehension and production of words over the six-month period, and bilingual infants acquired approximately as many new words in each of their languages as the monolinguals did. Speed of online word processing was also equivalent in both groups at each wave of data collection, and increased significantly across waves. Importantly, significant relations emerged between language exposure, vocabulary size, and processing speed, with proportion of language exposure predicting vocabulary size at each time point. This study extends previous findings by utilizing a direct measure of receptive vocabulary development and online word processing.

scholarly journals How bilingual development is the same as and different from monolingual development

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development ◽  
Language Growth ◽  
Growth Differences

Based on data from two longitudinal studies of 2- to 5-year-old Spanish- and English-learning bilingual children and English-learning monolingual children, we compare the processes and outcomes of simultaneous bilingual development to those of monolingual development. We find, in essence, that the processes are the same. The outcomes differ, however, because the immediate environments and larger sociocultural contexts of bilingual and monolingual development differ. Common processes include a dependence of language growth on the quantity and quality of language exposure and a relation between children’s own language use and their language growth. Differences in outcomes include the rate of language development and the profiles of expressive and receptive skills. 

Systematic Modification of Parental Input to Train Language Symbols

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Culatta ◽  
Donna Horn
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Meaningful Use ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Parental Input ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Therapy Sessions ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children ◽  
At Home

This study attempted to maximize environmental language learning for four hearing-impaired children. The children's mothers were systematically trained to present specific language symbols to their children at home. An increase in meaningful use of these words was observed during therapy sessions. In addition, as the mothers began to generalize the language exposure strategies, an increase was observed in the children's use of words not specifically identified by the clinician as targets.

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