Where to now?

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-333
Author(s):  
Paul Bridge ◽  
Erko Stackebrandt ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Molecular Assessment

Abstract This chapter provides information on the status quo of molecular assessment of prokaryotes, fungi and yeast. The recent developments in sequencing approaches to assess the diversity of cultured and not-as-yet-cultured organisms and metagenomes, together with the most widely applied algorithms for gene annotation and the pros and cons of defining taxon ranks, are outlined and discussed.

Regulating Proxy Advisors Through Transparency: Pros and Cons of the EU Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Balp
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
European Regulation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Proxy Advisors ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
The Eu

This article outlines potential pros and cons of a future European regulation of proxy advisory firms, as set forth in the Commission’s Proposal for a Directive amending Directive 2007/36/EC. After summarizing criticisms concerning the proxy advisory industry, and findings regarding its de facto influence on investors’ voting conduct both in the US and in the European context, the article adverts to why the power of proxy advisors appears to be overestimated. Uncertainty on the status quo of the industry’s actual impact on key decisions in listed companies, as well as costs associated with a regulation, need to be considered for assessing the suitability of the rules drafted to ensure adequate levels of independence and quality of voting recommendations. While transparency rules may be preferred to stricter legal constraints or requirements in a first stage, possible shortcomings of the Draft Directive exist that may undermine its effectiveness. Analyzing the amendments to the Proposal adopted by the European Parliament, and the Council’s Presidency compromise text, may suggest a preferable approach as regards single rules still making their way through the European legislative process.

scholarly journals The Polar Silk Road and China's role in Arctic governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Heljar Havnes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
International Order ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments

The People's Republic of China (PRC) wants to become a key regional actor in the Arctic. PRC's underlying priority in the region is gaining access to commercial opportunities from trade and natural resources. To this end, PRC is building its domestic capacities for research and commercial development in the Arctic, increasing its involvement in multilateral forums on Arctic governance and deepening ties to Arctic nations, especially Russia.Attitudes towards PRC among Arctic nations are diverging, but Beijing generally faces high levels of skepticism and opposition to its Arctic involvement, explicitly grounded in perceptions of PRC as a state undermining the rules-based international order and potential military build-up in the high north.The analytical framework in this article builds on an outline authored by Exner-Pirot in 2012 (Exner-Pirot, 2012) to detail the current schools of thought within Arctic governance, and builds on it by including more recent developments in Arctic governance, incorporating the updated Arctic policies of most Arctic countries and connecting it to PRC.This article contends that Beijing wants to change the status quo of Arctic governance and shift it towards a more accommodating approach to non-Arctic states. This article finds, based on the stated Arctic strategies of the eight Arctic states and PRC, that there are different views on Arctic governance where Arctic countries for the most part indicate an openness to a Chinese entry into the Arctic, albeit in diverging ways. This creates a complex governance scenario for PRC to navigate as it seeks to become a key Arctic player

scholarly journals Decision-Making of Communication Robots Through Robot Ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
Tomomi Hashimoto ◽  
Xingyu Tao ◽  
Takuma Suzuki ◽  
Takafumi Kurose ◽  
Yoshio Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Robot Ethics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

With the recent developments in robotics, the ability of robots to recognize their environment has significantly improved. However, the manner in which robots behave depending on a particular situation remains an unsolved problem. In this study, we propose a decision-making method for robots based on robot ethics. Specifically, we applied the two-level theory of utilitarianism, comprising SYSTEM 1 (intuitive level) for quick decisions and SYSTEM 2 (critical level) for slow but careful decisions. SYSTEM 1 represented a set of heuristically determined responses and SYSTEM 2 represented a rule-based discriminator. The decision-making method was as follows. First, SYSTEM 1 selected the response to the input. Next, SYSTEM 2 selected the rule that the robot’s behavior should follow depending on the amount of happiness and unhappiness of the human, robot, situation, and society. We assumed three choices for SYSTEM 2. We assigned “non-cooperation” to asocial comments, “cooperation” to when the amount of happiness was considered to be high beyond the status quo bias, and “withholding” to all other cases. In the case of choosing between cooperation or non-cooperation, we modified the behavior selected in SYSTEM 1. An impression evaluation experiment was conducted, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Quelques notes sur la réforme de la détermination de la peine au Canada

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Brodeur
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Permanent Commission ◽  
Federal Department ◽  
Parole Board ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sentencing Policy

This review of recent developments in the field of sentencing in Canada begins by observing that none of the recommendations of the Canadian Sentencing Commission were implemented, since the commission issued its report in 1987. This amounts to a prolongation of the status quo. We propose elements of explanation as to why there was no follow up to the Commission's proposals. Second, we present a critical analysis of the latest consultation package on sentencing and parole, that was put together by the federal Department of Justice in 1990. We argue that the proposed statement of purposes and principles of sentencing should priorize the different sentencing goals that it enumerates. We also point out that there is an unbalance between the sentencing and parole components of the permanent commission proposed by the Department of Justice. The sentencing component is required to make sentencing policy, whereas the parole component acts as an advisor to the National Parole Board.

Prejudice toward immigrant groups: How perceptions of ingroup discrimination moderate the effect of challenges to the status quo

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber L. Garcia ◽  
Michael T. Schmitt ◽  
Naomi Ellemers ◽  
Nyla R. Branscombe
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
The Status
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