scholarly journals Decision-Making of Communication Robots Through Robot Ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
Tomomi Hashimoto ◽  
Xingyu Tao ◽  
Takuma Suzuki ◽  
Takafumi Kurose ◽  
Yoshio Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Robot Ethics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

With the recent developments in robotics, the ability of robots to recognize their environment has significantly improved. However, the manner in which robots behave depending on a particular situation remains an unsolved problem. In this study, we propose a decision-making method for robots based on robot ethics. Specifically, we applied the two-level theory of utilitarianism, comprising SYSTEM 1 (intuitive level) for quick decisions and SYSTEM 2 (critical level) for slow but careful decisions. SYSTEM 1 represented a set of heuristically determined responses and SYSTEM 2 represented a rule-based discriminator. The decision-making method was as follows. First, SYSTEM 1 selected the response to the input. Next, SYSTEM 2 selected the rule that the robot’s behavior should follow depending on the amount of happiness and unhappiness of the human, robot, situation, and society. We assumed three choices for SYSTEM 2. We assigned “non-cooperation” to asocial comments, “cooperation” to when the amount of happiness was considered to be high beyond the status quo bias, and “withholding” to all other cases. In the case of choosing between cooperation or non-cooperation, we modified the behavior selected in SYSTEM 1. An impression evaluation experiment was conducted, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated.

Thought processes associated with reluctance in gay men to be tested for HIV

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Gold ◽  
G Karantzas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
The Status

This study explored the thought processes that are associated with reluctance in gay men to be tested for HIV antibodies. The sample comprised 97 men who had not been tested for at least four years; 69 had never been tested. They were asked to imagine that someone had suggested that they be tested very soon and to identify, from the list provided, any negative thoughts prompted by this suggestion. The most commonly reported thoughts were that testing was unnecessary because risks had not been taken, that it was unnecessary because there were no symptoms, and that there was no urgency to be tested. Data were explored by means of factor analysis and comparisons across subgroups differing in risk level. The results are interpreted as indicating the use of rationalizations to buttress a decision not to be tested, the powerful influence on HIV decision-making exerted by salient perceptible features, and the ‘status quo bias’. Techniques that could be used to encourage testing in gay men are discussed.

Consumer Responsibility and the Transformation Process of the Electricity Market: Insights From Behavioral Decision ResearchDate submitted: October 27, 2017Revised version accepted after double blind review: November 11, 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 312-330
Author(s):  
Fabian Grabicki ◽  
Roland Menges
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Status ◽  
Decision Making Rule ◽  
Experimental Group

Since the 1990s, consumer research has looked for causes that could explain the absence of switching behavior of electricity consumers in liberalized electricity markets. Recent decision theory findings suggest that this absence of switching behavior is due to the so-called status quo bias. The status quo bias reflects the tendency of individuals to prefer the actual situation disproportionately (Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988). Using the insights of this particular bias, an economic experiment was designed to empirically test the influence of the status quo bias. In a choice-based conjoint analysis, subjects were repeatedly offered different variations of electricity contracts. 300 subjects were randomly assigned to either the control or the experimental group in four different treatments. In each of a total 15 decision-making situations, one electricity contract had to be chosen from the five different electricity contracts available. The only variation between the control and the experimental groups was that, in each decision situation of the three different status quo treatments, always one of the five electricity contracts was preselected by default. In accordance with a specific decision-making rule, this was always either the most renewable, the most local or the most expensive electricity contract. The results show significant differences between the control and the experimental group with respect to the part-worth utilities and the relative importance of the attributes. In contrast to the expectations of the model of rational choice, the type of framing of the choice task, whether an electricity contract was preselected by default as a status quo or not, seemed to influence the decision behavior of the subjects. The results are criticized as to whether competition in the liberalized electricity market is a suitable instrument to promote climate and infrastructure projects in the long term by the individual choice of electricity consumers, or whether political measures that are brought about by a collective decision should be preferred.

Politics of Nature: The board game

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-164
Author(s):  
Jakob Raffn ◽  
Frederik Lassen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Board Game ◽  
Bruno Latour ◽  
Political Ontology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group Ideation ◽  
Politics Of Nature

Here we introduce the board game Politics of Nature, or PoN as it is now known. Inspired by the work of Bruno Latour, PoN offers an alternative take on co-existence by implementing a flat political ontology in a gamified meeting protocol. PoN does not suggest that humans have no special abilities, only that humans at the outset, are bestowed with no more rights than other kinds of beings. Designed to enable people of all walks of life to playfully unpack and resolve controversies, PoN provides a space where beings can have their existence renegotiated. The aim of PoN is to play as a team to explore and decide on potential good common worlds in which more indispensable beings can exist than if the status quo is continued. By playing PoN iteratively through rounds, each having four stages, the players gradually construct PoN - a planet mirroring ‘real worlds’. The four stages provide a novel combination of identification, representation, meditation, prioritization, mapping, individual and group ideation, proposal formulation, and decision-making; only to ask the players to challenge and change PoN to fit their requirements after each round. What follows is taken directly from the manual.

Numerical Information Format and Investment Decisions: Implications for the Disposition Effect and the Status Quo Bias

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Rubaltelli ◽  
Sandro Rubichi ◽  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Marcello Tedeschi ◽  
Riccardo Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Disposition Effect ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Numerical Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
Information Format

The status quo tendency in decision making

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Silver ◽  
Terence R. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Status

scholarly journals The status quo bias and the uptake of open access

First Monday ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa H. Cantrell ◽  
Lauren B. Collister
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
The Status ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

In this paper we argue that the framing of open access through language adopted by a variety of stakeholders serves to inhibit the uptake of open access publishing through the mechanisms of complexity and cognitive load. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we analyze both the language and tiers of decisions that confront authors seeking information online about open access. We conclude that this information is for the most part prohibitively complex and introduces contradictory interpretations and executions of open access that act to motivate a phenomenon known as the status quo bias. The only reliable method of counteracting this status quo bias in order to bolster the uptake of open access is to re-frame the language that is commonly employed in association with open access and to minimize the tiers of decisions expected of authors, which create a barrier rather than a gateway to open access engagement.

Cognitive Biases in Decision Making in Post-Bureaucratic Organizations

2017 ◽  
pp. 358-382
Author(s):  
Marie-Therese Claes ◽  
Thibault Jacquemin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Bureaucratic Organization ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

In today's post-bureaucratic organization, where decision-making is decentralized, most managers are confronted with highly complex situations where time-constraint and availability of information makes the decision-making process essential. Studies show that a great amount of decisions are not taken after a rational decision-making process but rather rely on instinct, emotion or quickly processed information. After briefly describing the journey of thoughts from Rational Choice Theory to the emergence of Behavioral Economics, this chapter will elaborate on the mechanisms that are at play in decision-making in an attempt to understand the root causes of cognitive biases, using the theory of Kahneman's (2011) System 1 and System 2. It will discuss the linkage between the complexity of decision-making and post-bureaucratic organization.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document