scholarly journals Quelques notes sur la réforme de la détermination de la peine au Canada

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Brodeur
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Permanent Commission ◽  
Federal Department ◽  
Parole Board ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sentencing Policy

This review of recent developments in the field of sentencing in Canada begins by observing that none of the recommendations of the Canadian Sentencing Commission were implemented, since the commission issued its report in 1987. This amounts to a prolongation of the status quo. We propose elements of explanation as to why there was no follow up to the Commission's proposals. Second, we present a critical analysis of the latest consultation package on sentencing and parole, that was put together by the federal Department of Justice in 1990. We argue that the proposed statement of purposes and principles of sentencing should priorize the different sentencing goals that it enumerates. We also point out that there is an unbalance between the sentencing and parole components of the permanent commission proposed by the Department of Justice. The sentencing component is required to make sentencing policy, whereas the parole component acts as an advisor to the National Parole Board.

Identifying and Assessing the Implementation of Human Rights Decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Alice Donald ◽  
Debra Long ◽  
Anne-Katrin Speck
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
European Regions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Public Record

Abstract Assessing the extent to which states have implemented the decisions of supranational human rights bodies is a challenging task. It requires supranational bodies—be they judicial, quasi-judicial or political—to create an evidence-based public record of the status quo of implementation at any point in time and determine whether the measures taken do, in fact, satisfy the requirements of the decision. This, in turn, relies upon states engaging in good faith, victims having a voice, and civil society organizations seizing the opportunity to influence the follow-up process. Using empirical data from interviews in selected states in the African, Inter-American and European regions, and within regional and United Nations bodies, this article argues that in no human rights ‘system’ are all these expectations met, in part because follow-up work is inadequately resourced. It argues that supranational bodies should proactively seek out diverse sources of information and adopt more transparent and responsive working methods so as to enable ‘real time’ participation by all interested parties. The article concludes with recommendations for supranational bodies, and state and non-state actors.

scholarly journals A critical analysis of human improvement projects from the perspective of the self-organization theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Mariana C. Broens
Keyword(s):  
Organization Theory ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
The Status

Based on the theory of self-organization, the objective of this paper is tocritically discuss the theses defended by the postulators of two projects that aim toimprove human nature: eugenics and transhumanism. We will try to show that the“science of eugenics”, proposed by Francis Galton (1883), and the contemporarytranshumanist project, outlined since the second half of the 20th century, share thecontroversial belief that human beings, through science and technology, are able tosuccessfully control the evolutionary processes of human species. We will try to showthat this belief disregards the central characteristics of the complex self-organizedadaptive evolutionary processes of organisms in general. For this purpose, we willcritically analyse the central theses of the transhumanist project and the “status quo bias”argument proposed by Bolton and Ord (2006) in defence of such theses. We conclude byemphasizing that the proponents of the contemporary transhumanist project would benefitfrom a fallibilistic perspective that would allow them to face the project's social andethical possible implications with epistemic prudence.

Where to now?

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-333
Author(s):  
Paul Bridge ◽  
Erko Stackebrandt ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Molecular Assessment

Abstract This chapter provides information on the status quo of molecular assessment of prokaryotes, fungi and yeast. The recent developments in sequencing approaches to assess the diversity of cultured and not-as-yet-cultured organisms and metagenomes, together with the most widely applied algorithms for gene annotation and the pros and cons of defining taxon ranks, are outlined and discussed.

scholarly journals GMAC: Is Half A Loaf Better Than The Whole?

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Anderson ◽  
Cristina Muise ◽  
David Gancarz
Keyword(s):  
Credit Rating ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
General Motors ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Better Than

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In November 2006 General Motors sold 51% ownership of its subsidiary, the General Motors Acceptance Corporation to Cerebus Capital Management in a complicated transaction. This paper demonstrates that GMAC produced over 90% of consolidated General Motors profit over the past two decades and tries to determine why the GM team sought to sell its best player and answer the natural follow-up question: why sell 51% of GMAC, instead of all of it? A number of possible explanations are considered, including cleaning up GM&rsquo;s balance sheet, unlocking the submerged market value of GMAC, and improving GMAC&rsquo;s credit rating/ access to capital. The paper concludes that the partial divestiture was a sound move that could easily have resulted in better financial performance for GM than the status quo, but that the entire strategy was upset by the subprime loan crisis of 2007-08.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals The Polar Silk Road and China's role in Arctic governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Heljar Havnes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
International Order ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments

The People's Republic of China (PRC) wants to become a key regional actor in the Arctic. PRC's underlying priority in the region is gaining access to commercial opportunities from trade and natural resources. To this end, PRC is building its domestic capacities for research and commercial development in the Arctic, increasing its involvement in multilateral forums on Arctic governance and deepening ties to Arctic nations, especially Russia.Attitudes towards PRC among Arctic nations are diverging, but Beijing generally faces high levels of skepticism and opposition to its Arctic involvement, explicitly grounded in perceptions of PRC as a state undermining the rules-based international order and potential military build-up in the high north.The analytical framework in this article builds on an outline authored by Exner-Pirot in 2012 (Exner-Pirot, 2012) to detail the current schools of thought within Arctic governance, and builds on it by including more recent developments in Arctic governance, incorporating the updated Arctic policies of most Arctic countries and connecting it to PRC.This article contends that Beijing wants to change the status quo of Arctic governance and shift it towards a more accommodating approach to non-Arctic states. This article finds, based on the stated Arctic strategies of the eight Arctic states and PRC, that there are different views on Arctic governance where Arctic countries for the most part indicate an openness to a Chinese entry into the Arctic, albeit in diverging ways. This creates a complex governance scenario for PRC to navigate as it seeks to become a key Arctic player

scholarly journals Decision-Making of Communication Robots Through Robot Ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
Tomomi Hashimoto ◽  
Xingyu Tao ◽  
Takuma Suzuki ◽  
Takafumi Kurose ◽  
Yoshio Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Status Quo Bias ◽  
Robot Ethics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

With the recent developments in robotics, the ability of robots to recognize their environment has significantly improved. However, the manner in which robots behave depending on a particular situation remains an unsolved problem. In this study, we propose a decision-making method for robots based on robot ethics. Specifically, we applied the two-level theory of utilitarianism, comprising SYSTEM 1 (intuitive level) for quick decisions and SYSTEM 2 (critical level) for slow but careful decisions. SYSTEM 1 represented a set of heuristically determined responses and SYSTEM 2 represented a rule-based discriminator. The decision-making method was as follows. First, SYSTEM 1 selected the response to the input. Next, SYSTEM 2 selected the rule that the robot’s behavior should follow depending on the amount of happiness and unhappiness of the human, robot, situation, and society. We assumed three choices for SYSTEM 2. We assigned “non-cooperation” to asocial comments, “cooperation” to when the amount of happiness was considered to be high beyond the status quo bias, and “withholding” to all other cases. In the case of choosing between cooperation or non-cooperation, we modified the behavior selected in SYSTEM 1. An impression evaluation experiment was conducted, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Study on the Status Quo and Countermeasures of Rural Domestic Waste Pollution in Liaoning Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Qi Li ◽  
Shu Xiaoxiao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Shenyang City ◽  
The Status ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
One Year

At present, the problem of rural domestic garbage pollution in China is relatively serious, which restricts the sustainable development of rural areas. Therefore, it is very important to investigate and analyze the characteristics of rural domestic garbage generation and discuss countermeasures for the treatment of domestic garbage. This article is conducted a one-year follow-up survey of the characteristics of garbage generation in Zhenshang Village, Central Village, and Natural Village in Fushun City, Anshan City, Dandong City, Shenyang City, Tieling City, and Panjin City in Liaoning Province. Background, the amount, physical composition and change trend of rural domestic garbage were analyzed, and on this basis, countermeasures for rural domestic garbage treatment in Liaoning Province were proposed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document