Biogenesis and functional RNAi in fruit trees.

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Michel Ravelonandro ◽  
Pascal Briard
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plant Gene Regulation ◽  
Interfering Rna

Abstract In plants, genome expression is linked to the transcribed mRNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Following its move to the cytoplasm, the generated mRNA is briefly translated to the encoded protein. If transcription and translation are dependent on the family of RNA polymerase, these two phenomena could be interfered with through the process designated as gene regulation. Thus, large molecules of RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) consequently sliced into small molecules produce nascent small interfering RNA ranging from 21 to 27 nucleotides. This chapter revisits the biogenesis of these two types of RNAi, miRNA and siRNA, and notably their involvement in plant gene regulation. Following their sequential transcription and their specific involvement, we will consider the sources and roles of RNA interference in plants and we will look at their detection in fruit crops. We discuss their applications and the risk assessment studies in fruit crops.

Biogenesis and functional RNAi in fruit trees.

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Michel Ravelonandro ◽  
Pascal Briard
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plant Gene Regulation ◽  
Interfering Rna

Abstract In plants, genome expression is linked to the transcribed mRNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Following its move to the cytoplasm, the generated mRNA is briefly translated to the encoded protein. If transcription and translation are dependent on the family of RNA polymerase, these two phenomena could be interfered with through the process designated as gene regulation. Thus, large molecules of RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) consequently sliced into small molecules produce nascent small interfering RNA ranging from 21 to 27 nucleotides. This chapter revisits the biogenesis of these two types of RNAi, miRNA and siRNA, and notably their involvement in plant gene regulation. Following their sequential transcription and their specific involvement, we will consider the sources and roles of RNA interference in plants and we will look at their detection in fruit crops. We discuss their applications and the risk assessment studies in fruit crops.

scholarly journals Release of siRNA from Liposomes Induced by Curcumin

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyo Fujita ◽  
Yoshie Hiramatsu ◽  
Hideki Minematsu ◽  
Masaharu Somiya ◽  
Shun’ichi Kuroda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Maximal Induction ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Bell Shaped Curve

Liposomes are a potential carrier of small interfering RNA (siRNA) for drug delivery systems (DDS). In this study, we searched for a molecule capable of controlling the release of siRNA from a certain type of liposomes and found that curcumin could induce the release of siRNA from the liposomes encapsulating siRNA within 30 min. However, the release of siRNA from the liposomes by curcumin showed a unique dose-response (i.e., bell-shaped curve) with a maximal induction at around 60 μg/ml of curcumin. Liposomal lipid compositions and temperatures influenced the efficiency in the release of siRNA induced by curcumin. About 10% of curcumin at a 60 μg/ml dose was incorporated into the liposomes within 30 min under our experimental conditions. Our results suggest a possibility that curcumin is useful in controlling the permeability of liposomes carrying large molecules like siRNA.

Gene Regulation by Intracellular Delivery and Photodegradation of Nanoparticles Containing Small Interfering RNA

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Murayama ◽  
Petra Kos ◽  
Kanjiro Miyata ◽  
Kazunori Kataoka ◽  
Ernst Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Intracellular Delivery ◽  
Interfering Rna

scholarly journals Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction in Mammalian Cells by Small Interfering RNA Knockdown of mRNA Capping Enzymes

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 5829-5836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Chu ◽  
Aaron J. Shatkin
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Capping Enzymes

ABSTRACT Addition of a 5′ cap to RNA polymerase II transcripts, the first step of pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes from yeasts to mammals, is catalyzed by the sequential action of RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and (guanine-N-7)methyltransferase. The effects of knockdown of these capping enzymes in mammalian cells were investigated using T7 RNA polymerase-synthesized small interfering RNA and also a lentivirus-based inducible, short hairpin RNA system. Decreasing either guanylyltransferase or methyltransferase resulted in caspase-3 activation and elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining characteristic of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis was independent of p53 tumor suppressor but dependent on BAK or BAX. In addition, levels of the BH3 family member Bim increased, while Mcl-1 and Bik levels remained unchanged during apoptosis. In contrast to capping enzyme knockdown, apoptosis induced by cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis required BAK but not BAX. Both Bim and Mcl-1 levels decreased in cycloheximide-induced apoptosis while Bik levels were unchanged, suggesting that apoptosis in siRNA-treated cells is not a direct consequence of loss of mRNA translation. siRNA-treated BAK−/− BAX−/− double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts failed to activate capase-3 or increase TUNEL staining but instead exhibited autophagy, as demonstrated by proteolytic processing of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and translocation of transfected green fluorescent protein-LC3 from the nucleus to punctate cytoplasmic structures.

scholarly journals Salient Genetic Notes on Small-RNAs and their Applications in Agricultural Biotechnology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Samuel Amiteye
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Interfering Rna

Small-RNAs are 20 to 27 nucleotides long non-protein-coding RNAs that act on either DNA or RNA to effect the regulation of gene expression. Small-RNAs are key in genetic and epigenetic regulation of diverse biological processes and pathways in response to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. The gene regulatory functions of small-RNA molecules enhance healthy plant growth and normal development by controlling biological processes such as flowering programming, fruit development, disease and pests resistance. Small-RNAs comprise mainly microRNA and small interfering RNA species. MicroRNAs have been proven to primarily engage in posttranscriptional gene regulation while small interfering RNA have been implicated mainly in transcriptional gene regulation. This review covers the recent advancements in small-RNA research in plants, with emphasis on particularly microRNAs and small interfering RNA biogenesis, biological functions and their relevance in the regulation of traits of agronomic importance in plants. Also discussed extensively is the potential biotechnological applications of these small-RNAs for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Pdx-1 Links Histone H3-Lys-4 Methylation to RNA Polymerase II Elongation during Activation of Insulin Transcription

2005 ◽  
Vol 280 (43) ◽  
pp. 36244-36253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Francis ◽  
Swarup K. Chakrabarti ◽  
James C. Garmey ◽  
Raghavendra G. Mirmira
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Insulin Gene ◽  
Transcriptional Elongation ◽  
Pol Ii ◽  
Insulin Promoter ◽  
Interfering Rna

Expression of the insulin gene is nearly exclusive to the β cells of the pancreatic islets. Although the sequence-specific transcription factors that regulate insulin expression have been well studied, the interrelationship between these factors, chromatin structure, and transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (pol II) has remained undefined. In this regard, recent studies have begun to establish a role for the methylation of histone H3 in the initiation or elongation of transcription by pol II. To determine a role for the transcriptional activator Pdx-1 in the maintenance of chromatin structure and pol II recruitment at the insulin gene, we performed small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Pdx-1 in βTC3 cells and subsequently studied histone modifications and pol II recruitment by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We demonstrated here that the 50% fall in insulin transcription following knockdown of Pdx-1 is accompanied by a 60% fall in dimethylated histone H3-Lys-4 at the insulin promoter. H3-Lys-4 methylation at the insulin promoter may be mediated, at least partially, by the methyltransferase Set9. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Set9 is expressed in an islet-enriched pattern in the pancreas, similar to the pattern of Pdx-1 expression. The recruitment of Set9 to the insulin gene appears to be a consequence of its direct interaction with Pdx-1, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Set9 attenuates insulin transcription. Pdx-1 knockdown was also associated with an overall shift in the recruitment of pol II isoforms to the insulin gene, from an elongation isoform (Ser(P)-2) to an initiation isoform (Ser(P)-5). Our findings therefore suggest a model whereby Pdx-1 plays a novel role in linking H3-Lys-4 dimethylation and pol II elongation to insulin transcription.

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