AbstractDegree-day relationships in the development of Lithocolletis blancardella (Fab.) and Apanteles ornigis Weed, its major parasite, were established from laboratory and field studies in Ontario apple orchards during 1973, 1974, and 1975. Under constant laboratory conditions, temperature thresholds for development of overwintering pupae were estimated by three methods, and found to be 6.3°, 6.7°, and 5.7°C for L. blancardella, and 10.4°, 10.4°, and 11.3°C for A. ornigis. Degree-day accumulations in the field were calculated by two methods using daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded from the pupal habitat and a Stevenson screen. Degree-days in the pupal habitat accumulated from 1 January, above 5.7°C for L. blancardella and 11.3°C for A. ornigis were more accurate than Stevenson screen degree-day accumulations for predicting first emergence; however, after emergence, seasonal development was best related to Stevenson screen degree-days accumulated from 1 April, above 6.7°C for L. blancardella and 10.4°C for A. ornigis. This study shows that degree-day relationships can be used in an apple pest management programme to optimize timing of insecticide applications against L. blancardella and preserve A. ornigis, its major natural enemy.
The Hawaii fruit fly areawide pest management programme.
