Global perspectives on nematode parasite control in ruminant livestock: the need to adopt alternatives to chemotherapy, with emphasis on biological control

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Ruminant Livestock

AbstractEffective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide.

Ruminant behaviour in subclinical parasitic gastroenteritis

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Andrew Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Control ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Behavioural changes in cattle and sheep are used in clinical diagnosis to detect abnormalities and to help determine the aetiology. In many parasitic diseases, infections can be subclinical, but their impact on performance can still be of importance in a farming setting. A common feature of helminth infections is a reduction in feed intake, which can account for lower growth rates and milk yields, yet inappetence is difficult to detect in free-ranging, grazing livestock. Remote-sensing technology can facilitate data collection and is useful not only in research, but is a feasible option now on commercial farms. If inappetence in grazing sheep and cattle as a result of parasitic gastroenteritis can be easily monitored and assessed, then early interventions may be possible and these can ensure that animal performance is kept on target. Application of such approaches is consistent with the principles of responsible use of anthelmintics and targeted selective treatments, which can be further integrated into complementary elements of parasite control, including grazing management.

scholarly journals A comparison of anesthesia techniques for entomological experimentation: Longevity of the leaf-mining fly pest Scaptomyza flava Fallén (Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Rayl ◽  
Stephen Wratten
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Experimental Use

Historically, handling insects has usually involved their being killed, but non-lethal approaches are necessary when evaluating the biology of such organisms. Anesthesia has been used as one of these non-lethal approaches. Two common anesthetics used in this way have been carbon dioxide and chilling. These have been used frequently in the literature but have sub-lethal effects on insects that may affect further experimentation. An alternative anesthetic that has potential for experimental use is triethylamine (TEA). This shows promise because of its ease of use and potency as an insect anesthetic, but evidence, if any, of the sub-lethal effects is almost non-existent in the literature. Here, longevity was use as a proxy for fitness as this is a common approach to laboratory work of this type for pests and their natural enemies. A series of experiments were carried out to find the optimal rates for these three selected anesthetics. The organism selected for this work was the fly Scaptomyza flava (Fallén), the larvae of which mine the leaves of commercial brassica crops worldwide. It is a ‘cosmetic’ pest in that damage thresholds for crop rejection are very low and prophylactic use of insecticides is the norm. One way of mitigating the negative environmental aspects of this approach is to enhance biological control. One such way of enhancing biological control is the use of flowering plants, as they can provide alternative resources to natural enemies, which can enhance their ability to control pests. To evaluate these flowering plants, handling of the insects is necessary and anesthesia is used for this purpose. For each anesthetic an optimal rate was found, then these rates were compared to each other in a subsequent experiment. These anesthetics differed markedly in their value in terms of the duration of the anesthesia and other practical considerations. TEA had the longest effect, CO2 and chilling had the shortest. All three were similar in their effects on longevity (i.e. recovery time and mortality rates).

The effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles as an anthelmintic in purebred Suffolk lambs exposed to a natural nematode challenge post weaning

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
B. Good ◽  
J.P. Hanrahan
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Terminal Sire ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Resistance to nematode parasites of sheep to broad spectrum anthelmintics is one of the main drivers in research on alternative solutions for parasite control. Previous work has shown clear differences between the Suffolk and Texel breeds in susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematode infection (Hanrahan & Crowley, 1999; Good, Hanrahan et al., 2006). The Suffolk being more susceptible to such parasitic infections has implications in the Irish industry where it plays a dominant role as both as a terminal sire and in the genetic makeup of the ewe population. Previous work has shown some beneficial anthelmintic effects following the administration of copper oxide wire particles (Bang, Familton et al., 2000; Knox, 2002). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) as an anthelmintic for lambs that were exposed to a natural nematode challenge postweaning.

Effects of integrated pest management, biological control and prophylactic use of insecticides on the management and sustainability of soybean

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeney de Freitas Bueno ◽  
Marcelo José Batistela ◽  
Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freita Bueno ◽  
José de Barros França-Neto ◽  
Marcelo Akita Naime Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Prophylactic Use

The Availability of the Infective Stages of Nematode Parasites to Sheep in Early Spring

1959 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tetley
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Stage Of Development

Previously uninfected eleven month old sheep were used as indicators of the availability of the infective larvae of sheep nematodes in early spring. Ostertagia and Nematodirus species were acquired in much larger numbers than other species. It is concluded, since the order of parasitism found in the experimental sheep resembled that found in spring born flock lambs in early life, that the relative specific incidence is the latter is due to the numbers of available infective larvae and not to any factor associated with the stage of development of the lambs.

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