Eldana saccharina (African sugarcane borer).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Total Crop

Abstract E. saccharina is the most serious sugarcane pest in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, and in situations of high pest pressure total crop failure can result.

Alternaria passiflorae (brown spot of passionfruit).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Doy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Total Crop

Abstract Total crop failure can occur under favourable environmental conditions if A. passiflorae is not controlled (Amata et al., 2011).

scholarly journals Biocontrol of the Sugarcane Borer Eldana saccharina by Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac7 andSerratia marcescens chiA Genes in Sugarcane-Associated Bacteria

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 2804-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina J. Downing ◽  
Graeme Leslie ◽  
Jennifer A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Endophytic Bacterium ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Integration Vector ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Broad Host Range Plasmid ◽  
Broad Host Range Plasmids

ABSTRACT The cry1Ac7 gene of Bacillus thuringiensisstrain 234, showing activity against the sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina, was cloned under the control of the tacpromoter. The fusion was introduced into the broad-host-range plasmid pKT240 and the integration vector pJFF350 and without thetac promoter into the broad-host-range plasmids pML122 and pKmM0. These plasmids were introduced into a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain isolated from the phylloplane of sugarcane and the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae found in sugarcane. The ptac-cry1Ac7 construct was introduced into the chromosome of P. fluorescens using the integration vector pJFF350 carrying the artificial interposon Omegon-Km. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of the integratedcry1Ac7 gene were much higher under the control of thetac promoter than under the control of its endogenous promoter. It was also determined that multicopy expression in P. fluorescens and H. seropedicae of ptac-cry1Ac7 carried on pKT240 caused plasmid instability with no detectable protein expression. In H. seropedicae, more Cry1Ac7 toxin was produced when the gene was cloned under the control of the Nmr promoter on pML122 than in the opposite orientation and bioassays showed that the former resulted in higher mortality of E. saccharina larvae than the latter. P. fluorescens 14::ptac-tox resulted in higher mortality of larvae than did P. fluorescens14::tox. An increased toxic effect was observed when P. fluorescens 14::ptac-tox was combined with P. fluorescens carrying the Serratia marcescens chitinase gene chiA, under the control of the tac promoter, integrated into the chromosome.

A new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitic on the sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Natal, South Africa

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Cyperus Papyrus ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
A New Species

AbstractSchembria eldana, a new species of goniine Tachinidae, is described (both sexes) from north-eastern Natal, South Africa, where it is parasitic on larvae of the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker, in Cyperus papyrus umbels. The genus Schembria Rondani was previously known only from two females of S. meridionalis Rondani from Malta and Israel.

scholarly journals The Use of Small Grains for Food Security and Climate Compliant In Dry Regions of Zimbabwe: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Sakadzo N. ◽  
Kugedera A. T.
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Sub Saharan

Climate change has brought issues of total crop failure in dry regions in Zimbabwe as evidenced by total crop failure in 2010, 2015 and 2017 in some parts of Chivi which is one of the driest area in Zimbabwe. The paper highlights the use of small grains for food security and climate compliant in dry regions of Zimbabwe. This brings in an idea of growing small grain by farmers as means of improving food production in dry areas such as Chivi, Mwenezi and Chiredzi districts. Cereal production growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to decline by a net 3.2 percent in 2050 as a result of climate change. To mitigate this risk, there is need to improve productivity of small grains as climate compliant crops which can ameliorate poverty in Zimbabwe. Small grains are drought tolerant and perform better in dry regions than any other cereal crops. Sorghum and millet have the potential to contribute to food security to the world’s poorest agro-ecological regions.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Smut: Current Knowledge and the Way Forward for Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1095
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Rajput ◽  
Nasir Ahmed Rajput ◽  
Rehana Naz Syed ◽  
Abdul Mubeen Lodhi ◽  
Youxiong Que
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Available Information ◽  
And Control

Whip smut of sugarcane is the most serious and widely spread disease of sugarcane and causes a significant reduction in cane quantity and quality. The severity of this disease often depends on the pathogen races, environmental conditions, cultivar genotype and the interaction among these three factors. Under optimum climatic conditions, this disease has the potential to cause total crop failure. Resistance screening is an ongoing process due to the variability among smut pathogen isolates. Multiple races and mutation ability of smut pathogen makes the breeding task more complex. A number of studies on various aspects of the disease epidemiology and management have been published. Due to many overlapping characteristics within the species complex, there is a dearth of information on early detection and strategies to control the smut pathogen. Furthermore, there is a need to coordinate these findings to expedite its research and control. In this paper, we summarize the disease etiology, especially disease impact on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of sugarcane. We also gathered research progress on molecular-based detection and available information on genetic variability in S. scitamineum. The research on the set of management options needed to effectively cope with the disease are reviewed herein. The present review is expected to be helpful for the further investigation on smut resistance in sugarcane.

Constituents of wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2255-2277 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Burger ◽  
A. E. Nell ◽  
D. Smit ◽  
H. S. C. Spies ◽  
W. M. Mackenroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

WATERMELON INTERCROPPED WITH CEREALS UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS: AN ON-FARM STUDY

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MUNISSE ◽  
B. D. JENSEN ◽  
O. A. QUILAMBO ◽  
S. B. ANDERSEN ◽  
J. L. CHRISTIANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARYIntercropping is a common practice in Africa, but the advantage compared to sole cropping depends on the crop plants and local agro-ecological conditions. The potential of intercropping maize (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was tested in two on-farm trials in southern Mozambique under semi-arid conditions in an area with low and unpredictable rainfall. In the first experiment, plant density, yield and monetary value of sole and intercropping plots of maize with watermelon were determined in 17 farmers' fields in an area where all crops developed to maturity and harvest. There was a significant reduction in yield of both maize (28.8%) and watermelon (57.8%) in the intercrop compared with the sole crop yields. However, the mean land equivalent ratio of 1.13 for yield showed that intercropping had advantages as, on average, an area planted with sole crops would require 13% more land than an intercrop production to generate the same outcome. In the second experiment, carried out in another area with 16 farmers' fields, drought was more pronounced and only watermelon developed to maturity. Intercroppings with maize and sorghum resulted in 70% and 69% yield reduction, respectively. In conclusion, watermelon is a good companion crop for intercropping with cereals to mitigate the risk of total crop failure due to drought.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Pathogenicity of Foot and Root Rot Pathogens of Pea in Southern Scandinavia

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Persson ◽  
L. Bødker ◽  
M. Larsson-Wikström
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Chalara Elegans ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Total Crop

The occurrence of root pathogens of vining pea was determined in field surveys in Sweden and Denmark from 1989 to 1994. The most serious yield-reducing root pathogen, Aphanomyces euteiches, was found in approximately one-third of the sampled fields in both Sweden and Denmark. In a few fields severely infested with this pathogen, there was a total crop failure. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella and Fusarium solani; the latter also was isolated from vascular tissue up to the seventh node level. Other pathogens isolated from roots were F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, Chalara elegans, Pythium irregulare, and Mycosphaerella pinodes. In greenhouse pathogenicity tests, A. euteiches caused the most severe root damage and plant death of pea, followed by F. avenaceum and P. irregulare. There was an inverse relationship between field disease severity index and yield for fields infested with A. euteiches.

scholarly journals Phytoplasmas as Causal Agents of Celosia Disease in Israel

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tanne ◽  
L. Kuznetsova ◽  
J. Cohen ◽  
S. Alexandrova ◽  
A. Gera
Keyword(s):  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Restriction Pattern ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Recently, yellows diseases have become more common in Israel, and phytoplasmas have been detected in some of these diseased crops. Commercial fields of two celosia species (Celosia plumosa L. and C. cristata L.) also have exhibited yellows symptoms and total crop failure. Typical mycoplasma-like bodies were observed in infected but not in healthy plants. The same plants were analyzed for the presence of phytoplasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the universal oligonucleotide pair r16SF2/r16SR2, followed by nested PCR using group-specific primers. Restriction analyses performed with these products indicated that two different types of phytoplasmas are infecting celosia. PCR-RFLP analysis of one type revealed a restriction pattern typical of aster yellows. Similar analysis of the second type indicated possible relatedness, though not identity, to the pattern of phytoplasmas of the Western-X group. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of phytoplasma infection in celosia.

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