Armillaria novae-zelandiae.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hood
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
White Rot ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Global Database

Abstract Armillaria novae-zelandiae is a white rot wood decay fungus and root disease pathogen that occurs in a number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere and in parts of tropical and subtropical Asia. It is not known to have been introduced to these regions, where it is presumed to be indigenous. Its designation as "invasive" is based on its propensity to establish colonies and disease centres in disease-free areas by dispersal of basidiospores from "toadstool" fruit bodies that appear on wood during the winter months. As a wood decomposer fungus A. novae-zelandiae contributes beneficially to carbon and nutrient recycling. Like many other Armillaria species it is recognized by characteristic white mycelial fans or ribbons produced beneath host bark and by its bootlace-like rhizomorphs by which it spreads vegetatively from colonized buried woody material or stump root systems to infect living host plants.Armillaria novae-zelandiae was the cause of substantial disease losses in plantations of Pinus radiata and orchards of kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa) in New Zealand from the 1970s to the 1990s. Its importance has since declined with changes in patterns of crop management, although it remains widely distributed. Much research into its control was undertaken during this period. In eastern states in Australia, A. novae-zelandiae is a minor cause of root disease in natural and planted forests, where it is of lesser importance than Armillaria luteobubalina. Its impact in other regions is unknown, but it has not been associated with reports of significant disease. Risk of unintended international spread appears to be low to negligible but should not be discounted. If intercepted, isolates of A. novae-zelandiae may be identified by laboratory culture testing or more rapidly and precisely by molecular sequencing procedures. A. novae-zelandiae is listed in the EPPO Global Database and features in the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service fungal databases. It is considered a risk organism in Hawai'i.

scholarly journals US Department of Agriculture and global biogenome initatives: policy challenges and opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Parr ◽  
Monica Poelchau ◽  
Gary Kinard ◽  
Anna Childers
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Access ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Global Database ◽  
The Earth

Biodiversity research is seeing unprecedented global collaboration with initiatives such as the Earth BioGenome Project, an effort to sequence all known eukaryotic life, and Genesys, a global database for sharing crop genetic resources. However, as in other disciplines, public funding and policy for scientific research in agriculture tend to follow national borders even when science and its collaborations do not. In addition, agriculture is similar to biomedicine in having significant private investment in research and development where competition could inhibit sharing. It would seem that significant challenges lie ahead for making progress on ambitious global initiatives at least where agricultural samples, collections, and data are concerned. In this talk we will review several activities at the United States Department of Agriculture that illustrate how policy and infrastructure can overcome difficulties. For example, recent policies for openness of publicly-funded research products and adoption of FAIR data principles even for private or proprietary data hold promise and have elevated the importance of data infrastructure. The US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) launched its Ag100Pest contribution to the Earth BioGenome Project, including the use of the i5K Workspace@NAL platform for its sequenced and annotated genomes. The GRIN Global platform supports not just USDA germplasm data management but a growing network of plant and animal researchers and collections around the world. The Ag Data Commons provides standardized metadata and machine-readable data dictionaries to the publicly accessible products of these and other USDA-funded efforts. It is teaming with the ARS high performance computing system SCINet to explore cost-effective public access to big data storage for agricultural data and models. Finally, many of these efforts extend and contribute back to widely used open source software systems. While challenges remain in coordinating and sustaining these efforts with international stakeholders, engagement with groups like AgBioData, the Research Data Alliance (RDA) Interest Group on Agricultural Data, and the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition coalition will continue to bear fruit (pun intended). We seek similar engagement with the broader biodiversity data community in order to ensure that policy and infrastructure investments result in maximum mutual benefit.

scholarly journals Detection and Classification of SPLCV Isolates in the U.S. Sweetpotato Germplasm Collection via a Real-Time PCR Assay and Phylogenetic Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1385-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Barkley ◽  
D. L. Pinnow ◽  
M. L. Wang ◽  
K. S. Ling ◽  
R. L. Jarret
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
In Vitro Plantlets

The United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) germplasm collection contains accessions that were initially collected from various countries worldwide. These materials have been maintained and distributed as in vitro plantlets since the mid-1980s. The status of viral infection by the emerging Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) and other Begomovirus spp. in this germplasm has yet to be determined. In order to minimize the potential distribution of virus-infected clones, all accessions in the collection were tested for SPLCV using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. In total, 47 of 701 accessions of in vitro plantlets tested positive for SPLCV. The presence of SPLCV detected in these materials was confirmed via biological indexing using the indicator plants I. nil and I. muricata. Symptoms appeared more rapidly on I. muricata than on I. nil. Nucleotide polymorphisms among the isolates were evaluated by sequencing the AV1 coat protein gene from 24 SPLCV-infected accessions. The results revealed that the SPLCV isolates shared high sequence identity. Ten nucleotide substitutions were identified, most of which were synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on those 24 SPLCV isolates in combination with six described SPLCV species and various SPLCV strains from GenBank to evaluate the relationships among viral species or strains. The results from this analysis indicated that most of the AV1 genes derived from previously classified SPLCV species clustered together, some of which formed well-supported monophyletic clades, further supporting the current taxonomy. Overall, identification of SPLCV-infected germplasm will allow approaches to be employed to eliminate the virus from the collection and limit the distribution of infected materials.

scholarly journals Incidence and Severity of Cavity Spot of Carrot as Affected by Pigmentation, Temperature, and Rainfall

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 929-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Saude ◽  
P. W. Simon ◽  
M. R. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Cavity Spot

Field trials to determine the effect of carrot pigmentation and weather parameters on cavity spot (CS) of carrot were conducted in the Holland/ Bradford Marsh region of Ontario between 2002 and 2009. In all, 23 colored carrot cultivars from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service breeding program at the University of Wisconsin (n = 5) and commercial seed companies (n = 18) were seeded in organic soil (pH 6 to 7, 45 to 75% organic matter) in late May to early June and harvested in late October or early November. Carrot roots were assessed for CS severity midseason and postharvest. Evaluations postharvest indicated that the purple pigmented carrot from breeding line ‘USDA 106-3’ and cultivars ‘Purple Rain’ and ‘Purple Haze’ consistently had low CS severity. The orange-pigmented ‘USDA 101-23’, ‘Cellobunch’, ‘YaYa’, and ‘Envy’ had moderate CS; and the red-pigmented carrot breeding line ‘USDA 104-3’ and cultivars ‘Atomic Red’, ‘Proline Red’, ‘Dragon’, and an unnamed line from India had high CS. Differences in CS severity in carrot cultivars between evaluations at midseason and postharvest suggest that some carrot cultivars are more susceptible to Pythium spp. inoculum in soil (alloinfection) and others to secondary infection (autoinfection) that can be attributed to the Pythium sp. involved in CS. CS severity was positively correlated with total rainfall 2 and 3 months after seeding, and was negatively correlated with number of days with air temperature ≥30°C 3 and 4 months after seeding. Soil temperature and total rainfall were the best predictors of CS incidence and severity. These results could allow a forecast of disease incidence and severity at harvest.

Wingnut (Juglandaceae) as a new generic host forPityophthorus juglandis(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the thousand cankers disease pathogen,Geosmithia morbida(Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy M. Hishinuma ◽  
Paul L. Dallara ◽  
Mohammad A. Yaghmour ◽  
Marcelo M. Zerillo ◽  
Corwin M. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
First Occurrence

AbstractThe walnut twig beetle (WTB),Pityophthorus juglandisBlackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vectors a fungus,Geosmithia morbidaKolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), which colonises and kills the phloem of walnut and butternut trees,JuglansLinnaeus (Juglandaceae). Over the past two decades, this condition, known as thousand cankers disease (TCD), has led to the widespread mortality ofJuglansspecies in the United States of America. Recently the beetle and pathogen were discovered on severalJuglansspecies in northern Italy. Little is known about the extra-generic extent of host acceptability and suitability for the WTB. We report the occurrence of both the WTB andG. morbidain three species of wingnut,Pterocarya fraxinifoliaSpach,Pterocarya rhoifoliaSiebold and Zuccarini, andPterocarya stenopterade Candolle (Juglandaceae) growing in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection in northern California (NCGR) and in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in southern California, United States of America. In two instances (once inP. stenopteraand once inP. fraxinifolia) teneral (i.e., brood) adult WTB emerged and were collected more than four months after infested branch sections had been collected in the field. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with an isolate ofG. morbidafromP. stenoptera, confirming this fungus as the causal agent of TCD in this host. A survey of the 37PterocaryaKunth accessions at the NCGR revealed that 46% of the trees had WTB attacks and/or symptoms ofG. morbidainfection. The occurrence of other subcortical Coleoptera associated withPterocaryaand the first occurrence of the polyphagous shot hole borer, a species nearEuwallacea fornicatusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), inJuglansare also documented.

scholarly journals Differentiation, Distribution, and Elimination of Two Different Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated viruses Found in Pineapple

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Sether ◽  
A. V. Karasev ◽  
C. Okumura ◽  
C. Arakawa ◽  
F. Zee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
The World ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Mealybug Wilt ◽  
Pineapple Mealybug Wilt ◽  
Pineapple Mealybug

Surveys for Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus-1 (PMWaV-1) and PMWaV-2 were conducted on pineapple samples from Hawaii and around the world. Tissue blot immunoassays (TBIAs) with two different monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to either PMWaV-1 or PMWaV-2 indicated that both closteroviruses are widely distributed throughout the pineapple-growing areas of the world. In the worldwide survey, PMWaV-1 was found in 80% of the mea-lybug wilt of pineapple (MWP)-symptomatic and 78% of the asymptomatic pineapple plants tested. A subset of plants was tested for PMWaV-2; 100% of the symptomatic plants and 12% of the asymptomatic plants were positive for this virus. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to differentiate between PMWaV-1 and PMWaV-2. Oligonucleotide primers were designed using distinct regions of the HSP 70 homolog genes of the two viruses. PMWaV-specific RT-PCR assays and TBIAs were used to screen the pineapple accessions maintained at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository for PMWaV infection; 73% of the accessions were found infected with at least one PMWaV. Pineapple accessions found PMWaV-free were challenged with viruliferous mealybugs to test for immunity to PMWaV-1. No immune germ plasm was identified. Potential alternative virus hosts were screened for infection with virus-specific RT-PCR assays and TBIAs and were also challenged with viruliferous mealybugs. No alternate hosts of PMWaV-1 or PMWaV-2 were identified. PMWaV-1 infection was eliminated through axillary and apical bud propagation from infected crowns. Strategies to manage MWP are discussed.

scholarly journals History and Diversity of Citrus leprosis virus Recorded in Herbarium Specimens

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Hartung ◽  
Avijit Roy ◽  
Shimin Fu ◽  
Jonathan Shao ◽  
William L. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Type ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Full Length Genome

Leprosis refers to two diseases of citrus that present similar necrotic local lesions, often surrounded by chlorotic haloes on citrus. Two distinct viruses are associated with this disease, one that produces particles primarily in the nucleus of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus nuclear type [CiLV-N]; Dichorhavirus) and another type that produces particles in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type [CiLV-C]; Cilevirus). Both forms are transmitted by Brevipalpid mites and have bipartite, single-stranded, RNA genomes. CiLV-C and CiLV-N are present in South and Central America and as far north as parts of Mexico. Although leprosis disease was originally described from Florida, it disappeared from there in the 1960s. The United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service maintains preserved citrus specimens identified at inspection stations 50 or more years ago with symptoms of citrus leprosis. We isolated RNA from these samples and performed degradome sequencing. We obtained nearly full-length genome sequences of both a typical CiLV-C isolate intercepted from Argentina in 1967 and a distinct CiLV-N isolate obtained in Florida in 1948. The latter is a novel form of CiLV-N, not known to exist anywhere in the world today. We have also documented the previously unreported presence of CiLV-N in Mexico in the mid-20th century.

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