Pseudomonas tabaci. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Adjacent Tissue ◽  
Windy Weather ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas tabaci. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On at least 12 species of Nicotiana, as well as Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis grandiflora, Solanum melongena, S. nigrum and S. tuberosum (3: 611). Also infects plants belonging to numerous families, including some monocotyledons, when inoculated. The pathogen has been found naturally infecting various weeds (15: 613, 750), on the roots of weeds and crop plants without producing disease (21: 540) and associated with soyabean leaf pustule (29: 586: 35: 640). DISEASE: Wildfire of tobacco, a leaf spot. Chloroti spots appear and as they enlarge the centres become brown and dead and are surrounded by a wide chlorotic halo caused by the spread of a toxin into the adjacent tissue. Angular leaf spot, caused by P. angulata and does not produce the toxin shows no haloes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in parts of Africa,. Asia, Europe, North and South America (CMI Map 293, 1954). Additional reports include those from Nyasaland (Malawi) (41: 7), Morocco (42: 631), U.S.S.R. (37: 738; 40: 51:), Belgium (34: 345), Greece (34: 108; 40: 649), Poland (41: 568). and Colombia (33: 82). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen can overwinter and be carried into new areas on seed, in soil and in unrotted plant material, particularly if dry (3: 105, 611, 612; 15: 179). It can also live saprophytically for long periods on the roots of various crops and weeds in the absence of tobacco (21: 540). The bacteria spread rapidly in water droplets in wet, windy weather (2: 345; 15: 537). Various other agents may spread the disease, particularly when plants are wet. The chewing of infected leaf by workers has also been suggested as a means of spread (3: 612).

Ustilago bullata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Head Smut ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Leaf Distortion ◽  
Infection Hypha

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago bullata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Agropyron, Bromus, Brachypodium, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Sitanion. DISEASE: Causes head smut of grasses particularly species of Bromus and Agropyron. Sori develop at the base of spikelets and usually involve the ovary but glumes are usually unaffected, phyllody of floral parts also occurs. Latent infection with very reduced sori production can also occur. Infected seedlings show stunting and poor survival, older plants show slow growth rate and leaf distortion has been observed (56, 265). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North and South America, W. Asia (USSR, Poland, Iraq), India, Kenya, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released from the inflorescence sori to contaminate soil and seed. Teliospores have remained viable (in artificial storage) for 12 years. Germination results in the production of a metabasidium and sporidia, plasmogamy then produces a dikaryotic infection hypha. Seedlings and older shoots become infected, the former producing completely infected plants, but the latter producing separately diseased tillers (see Falloon, 1979).

Melampsora lini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Melampsora lini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Linum usitatissimum, L. catharticum and other species of Linum. The American Aecidium lini Dearness & House on L. virginianum differs from M. lini in having cupulate, not caeomoid, aecia. DISEASE: Flax rust. Characterized by light-yellow to orange-yellow sori containing pycnia and aecia on leaves and stems early in the growing season, followed by reddish-yellow uredia on leaves, stems and capsules during the growing season, and later, brown to black telia covered by the epidermis, chiefly on the stems. Causes serious damage to flax by weakening and disfiguring the fibres and reduces the quality and yield of linseed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America. (CMI Map 68, 2nd Ed.) TRANSMISSION: Sporidia produced in the spring from teliospores over-wintering on crop refuse are the most common source of primary inoculum. Teliospores may also be carried on fragments of infected host tissue with the seed. Volunteer flax plants, including some wild species, may also serve as important sources of infection (Millikan, 1951), and provide a means of over-wintering of the uredial stage in New Zeland (32: 79).

Ramulispora sorghicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Anahosur
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Upper Volta

Abstract A description is provided for Ramulispora sorghicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Sorghum bicolor, S. halepense, S. nitidum, S. vulgare, Sorghum spp. (wild). DISEASE: Leaf spot. Small water-soaked lesions develop into oval to elliptical spots up to 7 × 3 mm, delimited by veins, with dark red or tan border up to 1 mm wide. Spots become irregular by 2-3 spots coalescing, with pinkish grey to straw necrotic centres. A few black sclerotia are found on the lower surface of roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Malawi, Upper Volta); Asia (India, Indonesia, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: The fungus can survive in the fragments of infected leaf tissues which remain on the ground and produce masses of conidia in damp weather which are disseminated by rain and wind. Sclerotia also survive and produce conidia in damp weather (Harris, 1960; Tarr, 1962). Wild species of sorghum act as collateral hosts.

Alternaria crassa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Jimson Weed ◽  
Thorn Apple

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria crassa. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Datura stramonium (Jimson weed, thorn apple) and other species of Datura. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Datura. Irregular, straw-coloured, zonate spots occur first on the lower leaves, spreading upwards until later in the growing season the seed pods develop dark, sunken lesions. Heavily infected leaves are often shed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Cyprus, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Rhodesia, Rumania, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Not known.

Puccinia leveillei. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia leveillei. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Geranium spp. DISEASE: Rust of geranium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi) Asia (India); Europe; North and South America.

Erynia neoaphidis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wilding
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Erynia Neoaphidis ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Erynia neoaphidis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae); records from Blissus spp., Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Chlorina furcifera (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world wide; recorded from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australasia.

Stemphylium sarciniforme. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Gram Blight

Abstract A description is provided for Stemphylium sarciniforme. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Predominantly on the leaves of Trifolium. DISEASE: Target or pepper spot of clover (Trifolium) where it may infect 80% of the leaves (52, 3740). Also recorded as causing gram blight of Cicer arietinum (54, 1076; 53, 751). Reports of its occurrence on Lupinus luteus (57, 568) may be confusing this species with Stemphylium globuliferum or S. botryosum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread wherever clover is grown. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America (see CMI Map 139, ed. 3, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By air currents and seed (24, 42; 44, 471).

Puccinia allii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Allium Ampeloprasum ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Puccinia Allii

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia allii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Allium ampeloprasum, A. ascalonicum, A. cepa, A. chinense, A. fistulosum, A. porrum, A. sativum, A. schoenoprasum, A. tuberosum, A. ursinum and many other species of Allium. DISEASE: Rust on leaves and stems of chives, garlic, Japanese bunching or Welsh onion, leek, onion, rakkyo and shallot. Leaves may be killed in severe infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America (CMI Map 400, 1963 and Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen may overwinter in the uredio stage on wild plants in America. There is also a record of interception in the United States on garlic imported from Israel (37: 760). Records of seed transmission on leek and garlic have been made (11: 255; 30: 401) but this is thought to be of minor importance (Noble et al., 1958).

Pseudomonas mors-prunorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas mors-prunorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Prunus spp. especially plum and cherry. DISEASE: Bacterial canker, leaf spot and shoot wilt of stone wits. A definite seasonal cycle occurs in which a winter canker alternates with a summer leaf spot (Crosse, 1954). The symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by P. syringae on stone fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mainly in Europe, where it has been reported from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rumania, U.S.S.R. (Ukraine), Yugoslavia and, recently, (46, 381) from Italy. Also in Australia (N.S.W.) and Canada (N.S.). (CMI Map 132, Ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is probably introduced into new orchards most frequently on plant material, where infected spurs may show such slight symptoms as to pass unnoticed (Crosse, 1954). The pathogen is spread locally by wind and rain. In early summer young leaves can be invaded but stems become difficult or impossible to infect at this time. As the leaves mature they lose their susceptibility and large numbers of bacteria are found on their surfaces. These bacteria are carried by rain to infect the branches, which are again susceptible in the autumn, through wounds and incompletely healed leaf scars. This autumn infection leads to the canker phase that develops slowly through the winter and in the spring causes infection of the new leaves as they expand. In summer the bacteria in the cankers die out. The cankers are not, therefore, perennial, but are readily reinfected in the autumn.

The Genus Tachardina (Lacciferidae, Coccidae) in Southern Africa

1935 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Far East ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Groups ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Such knowledge as we have of the family Lacciferidae is very largely embodied in an excellent monograph published in 1923 and 1925 by J. C. Chamberlin (Bull. Ent. Res. 14, pp. 147–212 and 16, pp. 31–41). The comparatively speaking limited geographical distribution of the various generic groups is well brought out in this monograph. Thus, for instance, the genera Tachardiella and Austrotachardiella are apparently confined to North and South America, Metatachardia to Ceylon, Austrotachardia to Australia, Tachardia to India and the Far East. Chamberlin further states (p. 149) “ in general it may be said that the species of this group are tropical or sub-tropical, apparently reaching their greatest abundance in regions of limited rainfall.” How far this comparatively limited and well-defined zonal distribution of the various genera will hold good as further material is collected will prove of the greatest interest.

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