CDC Rowland oilseed flax

CDC Rowland, a late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was registered in 2018 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar had a significant yield advantage (12% higher) comparable to CDC Bethune in all soil zones of the Northern Prairies. The yield of CDC Rowland was 117, 116, and 105% of CDC Bethune in the Black, Brown, Black and Grey soil zones of Western Canada, respectively. This cultivar has medium (44.6%) oil content, superior oil quality (iodine value (IV) 194.5; alpha linolenic acid (ALA) content 59.3%), and large seed size (thousand seed weight (TSW) 6.8 g) coupled with resistance to lodging. It is immune to North American rust (race 371) caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini and powdery mildew caused by Oidium lini.

CDC Buryu oilseed flax

CDC Buryu, a late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was registered in 2016 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar had yield (106%) comparable to CDC Bethune and a maturity rating equal to Flanders in all soil zones of the Northern Prairies. The yield advantage over CDC Bethune was greater (>8%) in the Brown soil and Black soil zones of the Northern Prairies. It had medium oil content, oil quality, and seed size and good lodging resistance. It is immune to North American rust (race 371) caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lini and powdery mildew caused by Oidium lini.

CDC Plava oilseed flax

CDC Plava oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), registered in 2015 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is targeted to the shorter growing season, Dark Brown, Black, Grey, and Dark Grey soil zones of the Northern Prairies. This cultivar has a high seed yield (106%) compared with cultivar (cv.) CDC Bethune and a medium maturity rating equal to cv. Prairie Thunder. It has medium oil content (47.0%), alpha-linolenic acid content (57.8%), seed size (6.1 g thousand seed weight, TSW), and good lodging resistance. It is resistant to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini, and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.

CDC Melyn yellow seed coat oilseed flax

CDC Melyn is a yellow seed coat oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), registered in 2016 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has yield (106%) comparable to cultivar AC Nugget (the yield standard for yellow seed coat oilseed flax) and maturity rating equal to Flanders. It has a medium (46.6%) oil content, iodine value (199.4), alpha-linolenic acid content (61%) and a thousand seed weight of 5.0 g. It is immune to flax rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt and powdery mildew caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini and Oidium lini, respectively.

Cell re-entry assays do not support models of pathogen- independent translocation of AvrM and AVR3a effectors into plant cells

The cell re-entry assay is widely used to evaluate pathogen effector protein uptake into plant cells. The assay is based on the premise that effector proteins secreted out of a leaf cell would translocate back into the cytosol of the same cell via a yet unknown host-derived uptake mechanism. Here, we critically assess this assay by expressing domains of the effector proteins AvrM-A of Melampsora lini and AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans fused to a signal peptide and fluorescent proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that the secreted fusion proteins do not re-enter plant cells from the apoplast and that the assay is prone to false-positives. We therefore emit a cautionary note on the use of the cell re-entry assay for protein trafficking studies.