Elsinoe ampelina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
General Review ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Elsinoe Ampelina ◽  
Direct Attack ◽  
Fruit Surface

Abstract A description is provided for Elsinoe ampelina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Vitis spp., especially varieties of the European grape (V. vinifera) and of some North American grapes including V. rupestris, V. Iabrusca and V. aestivalis. Also on Vitis hybrids, especially those derived from susceptible Vinifera or Rupestris parents (27, 461, Arnaud & Arnaud). For details of susceptibility of cultivated varieties and hybrids see Gaudineau (general review), Arnaud & Arnaud, Jennings (33, 67), Boehm (39, 70), du Plessis, Goyal et al. (51, 2735), Krarajnan et al. (49, 2948), Mirica et al. (50, 2404). For susceptibility of tropical and North American Vitis spp. see Fennell (27, 461). DISEASE: Grape anthracnose, black spot of vine (spot anthracnose etc.), birds eye rot (fruits). General symptoms may include: leaves - curling downwards, laceration or chlorosis of leaf parts and death of entire young leaf; shot-hole and premature leaf abscission; stems - stunting and death of young shoots, deterioration of older shoots and stocks, loss of fruit yield; fruits - loss of young bunches and distortion, splitting, mummification or abscission of berries by direct attack on fruit surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in most grape-growing areas where suitable rainfall conditions occur (CMI Map 234, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Initially by splash dispersal of conidia produced from overwintered sclerotia on lesions on stems, petioles or old bunch stalks (du Plessis). Secondary infection from diseased leaves, fruits, etc.

Venturia pirina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Venturia Pirina ◽  
Young Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia pirina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on pear (Pyrus communis) and other Pyrus spp., also recorded from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of pear, which results in loss of quantity and quality of fruit. The disease attacks shoots, buds, leaves and fruit, symptoms and aetiology being very similar to those of apple scab caused by V. inaequalis on Malus spp. (CMI Descript. 401). Dark, more or less circular scabs are produced on leaves and fruit, often with some growth distortion. Infection of young wood is more common than with apple scab and causes pale brown blister-like lesions which burst to release conidia in the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions wherever pears are grown (see CMI Map 367, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Epidemiology is similar to that of apple scab. The overwintering saprophytic perithecial stage on leaf litter releases airborne ascospores in spring which infect young growth, and secondary infection by conidia dispersed during wet summer weather also occurs. Overwintering lesions on young wood are more frequent than with apple scab and conidia produced by these in the spring can be an important source of primary infection (46, 2061; 47, 849).

Venturia carpophila. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Splash Dispersal

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia carpophila. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: apricot, plum, peach and almond. DISEASE: Freckle, black spot, peach scab or black scab of peach; on fruits, leaves and sometimes other parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (CMI Map 198, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersal of spores from infected plant parts.

Venturia inaequalis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia inaequalis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on apple (Malus pumila), and other species of Malus. Also recorded on Pyrus spp., Sorbus spp. Pyracantha, Cotoneaster integerrima, Crataegus oxyacantha, Viburnum, Sarcocephalus esculentus (36, 278) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of apple, a common disease which can produce serious losses in both quantity and quality of fruit. The fungus can infect shoots, buds, blossoms, leaves and fruit. Symptoms appear initially as small, dull, pale spots particularly on the underside of leaves in spring. These enlarge as a mass of radiating subcuticular hyphae develops, forming dark circular lesions visible on both leaf surfaces; a slight puckering or blistering effect may also occur. Older lesions turn grey as the infected host tissue is killed. Scab on fruit is usually more conspicuous than on leaves, but varies according to resistance, pathogen virulence etc. Severe lesions may involve most of the fruit and become suberized and cracked, thus allowing entrance of secondam rotting organisms. Early infection of young fruit may cause shedding or distorted growth. On older fruit smaller secondary, lesions (pepper spot) often develop around a large primary scab. Infection of mature fruit may become visible during storage as sunken, black lesions. Lesions on young shoots appear as light brown blister-like swellings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide wherever apples are grown (CMI Map 120, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters primarily on leaf litter where the saprophytic sexual (perithecial) stage occurs. In wet spring weather the resulting perithecia release masses of airborne ascospores which infect the susceptible young foliage (42, 204). Dormant overwintering lesions on shoots and bud scales may also occur; these produce conidia which can infect young spring growth. Primary (spring) lesions produce conidia which cause secondary infection of foliage, fruit and shoots during wet summer weather. Conidia are dispersed chiefly by rain splash but may be present in the air near heavily infected trees during dry conditions (40, 757).

Gibberella zeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella zeae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, maize, barley, carnations and other ornamentals; also reported infecting Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence and post-emergence blight, root and foot rot, brown rot, culm decay, head or kernel blight (scab or ear scab) of wheat, maize, barley and other cereals. Leaf and flower rot of carnations and other ornamentals. Also reported infecting species of Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on maize and rice in the tropics. Wheat, oats, barley and rye in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: By planting infected or infested seeds or by planting in infested soil. Secondary infection occurs widely by water droplets under moist conditions or by ascospore discharge.

Podosphaera clandestina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Khairi
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Terminal Buds

Abstract A description is provided for Podosphaera clandestina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Crataegus monogyna, C. pentagyna, C. punctata, Mespilus germanica, Cratoegomespilus grandiflora, C. dardari, Pyrus communis, Cydonia vulgaris, Pyrocydonia winkleri and P. danieli. DISEASE: Hawthorn mildew. Severe attacks cause defoliation and death of terminal buds on young seedlings and on soft shoots on hedges and trees. The disease has been recorded on hawthorn fruits. The host plant can be grown only from seeds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide (Salmon, 1900; 45, 3081). Cleistothecia play no part in the disease in England. The overwintering mycelium, inside infected buds, survives until the following spring. These infected buds are the primary infections found each year. Secondary infection is by air-borne conidia.

Coccomyces papillatus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Pinus Wallichiana

Abstract A description is provided for Coccomyces papillatus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: The ecology of this fungus is completely unknown. SHERWOOD (1980) noted strong similarities with Coccomyces strobi (IMI Descriptions No. 1292), which is known to occur on brittle dead attached twigs of native North American five-needled pines in North America and some European countries to which they have been introduced. This habitat is often associated with endobionts involved in self-pruning ecosystems which later fruit on dead twigs, best exemplified by Colpoma quercinum on Quercus and C. crispum on Picea (IMI Descriptions Nos 942. 1333), and Therrya fuckelii and T. pini on Pinus (IMI Descriptions Nos 1297, 1298) and it is tempting to speculate that C. papillatus too will prove to occupy this sort of niche. HOSTS: Pinus wallichiana (twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.

Calonectria scoparia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Crous
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Stem Cankers

Abstract A description is provided for Calonectria scoparia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Acacia spp. (68, 1566), Araucaria heterophylla, Eucalyptus spp., Fragaria sp., Luma sp., Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, Persea americana, Pinus spp., Pisum sativum, Rhododendron spp., Prunus sp., Syncarpia gummifera. DISEASE: Damping off, root rot, cutting rot, stem cankers, leaf spotting, seedling and shoot blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, India, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal.

Diplocarpon earliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Diplocarpon earliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Fragaria. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.

Rhagoletis indifferens. [Distribution map].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhagoletis indifferens Curran Diptera: Tephritidae Western cherry fruit fly, North American Cherry fruit fly. Attacks Prunus avium and sometimes P. virginiana, P. salicina and P. subcordata Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, USA, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

Pseudocercospora neriella. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. M. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Splash Dispersal

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercospora neriella. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Nerium indicum, Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Israel, Russia, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tunisia, USA (Florida), Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.

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