Phytophthora ilicis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Ilex Aquifolium ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Twig Blight ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora ilicis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ilex aquifolium, I. aquifolium f. aureo-marginata. DISEASE: Produces a severe die-back disease (leaf and twig blight) of young and mature holly plants; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. Symptoms consist of black leaf spots, defoliation, twig die-back and berry infection. Limb and trunk cankers develop inside tissues. Leaf fall begins from the lower branches and progresses upwards producing shafts or pyramids of defoliation. The disease develops well in cool, wet weather but is checked during hot, dry periods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; UK (England), Netherlands. North America; USA (OR, WA). TRANSMISSION: By sporangia borne on sporangiophores which emerge through stomata on the lower surface of leaves. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash or by wind and infect leaves via wounds, or twigs via leaf scars. Growth of the mycelium from twigs extends into branches. Berries are infected in late winter and spring. Oospores are formed in leaf spots and in the cortex of dead twigs. They may act as perennating structures, allowing the fungus to survive over the summer and then germinate in cooler weather.

Cercospora carbonacea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora carbonacea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Dioscoria spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of yams. Causes fairly large, 5-20 mm, angular leaf spots, which are usually delimited by the leaf veins. The dark brown to almost black leaf spots give an almost charred appearance to the leaves, while on the lower surface the spots are grey becoming brown with age. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Asia: Burma, India, North America: Canada (Ontario), West Indies (Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia, surviving adverse periods in crop debris.

Leptosphaeria cylindrospora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Leptosphaeria cylindrospora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on dry stems of its host, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS: Epilobium (Onagraceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Manitoba), USA (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Washington). ASIA: Kazakhstan (VASYAGINA et al., 1987). EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania (BONTEA, 1955), Sweden, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); by artificial inoculation: Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa and P. glandulosa (Rosaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of X. fragariae and Cladosporium cladosporioides (GUBLER et al., 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.

Peronospora sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scrophularia altaica, S. aquatica, S. auriculata, S. bosniaca, S. californica, S. heterophylla, S. lanceolata, S. marylandica, S. nodosa, S. scopolii, S. umbrosa (=S. alata), Verbascum banaticum, V. blattaria, V. densiflorum (=V. thapsiforme), V. glabratum subsp. glabratum, V. lychnitis, V. nigrum, V. phlomoides, V. phoenicum, V. speciosum, V. thapsus, V. thapsus subsp. crassifolium (=V. montanum), V. virgatum. DISEASE: Downy mildew of Scrophularia and Verbascum, some species of which may be cultivated commercially for their medicinal or ornamental value; an obligately necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia; USSR (Kirghizia, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan). Europe; Austria, Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, USSR (Byelorussia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, RSFSR, Ukraine), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England, Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales), Yugoslavia. North America; USA (California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Virginia). TRANSMISSION: By spores ('conidia') dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores (if they are usually formed) in disease transmission is unknown.

Ramularia alba. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Lathyrus Odoratus ◽  
Sweet Pea

Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia alba. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Lathyrus odoratus, the sweet pea. DISEASE: White blight of sweet pea, also called white mould or Cladosporium blight. Leaf spots vary from yellow flecks to buff coloured dead areas, which may be circular or irregular in shape merging gradually into healthy leaf tissue. Leaf spots may merge together affecting most of the leaf and in such cases defoliation may result (30, 41). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Denmark, England, Sweden). North America (Canada: British Columbia, Ontario; USA: California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.

Mycosphaerella aleuritis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Angular Leaf Spot ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella aleuritis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Aleurites fordii, A. mollucana, A. montana. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of tung. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Central African Republic, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Zaire (probably also Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon). Asia: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan. Central America & Caribbean: Cuba, Trinidad. North America: USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay? (CMI Distribution Map 278, ed. 3, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia, which are mainly dispersed by rain-splash and wind (45, 1989f).

Septoria cannabis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Records ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria cannabis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cannabis sativa (hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.

Ascochyta paspali. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta paspali. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass), (and P. floridanum var. glabratum). DISEASE: Leaf blotch or streak of Paspalum spp. The visible symptoms are yellowish brown to grey lesions developing at the leaf tip and subsequently involving the entire leaf and sometimes the sheath. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); South America (Argentina) and North America (? USA). TRANSMISSION: The fungus occurs in Paspalum as an endophyte (Buchanan, 1984). The mycelium has been reported to grow systemically in xylem vessels of roots, leaves and inflorescences. Conidia are dispersed by rain splash and the fungus has been isolated from seeds. It has been suggested that the fungus might overwinter as mycelium within roots, crowns and infected seeds.

Leptosphaeria purpurea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Leptosphaeria purpurea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on dry stems of its hosts, which are mainly herbaceous, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS: Artemisia, Betonica, Carduus, Cirsium, Cnicus, Clinopodium, Helianthus, Satureja and Senecio. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Quebec, Ontario), USA (New York). ASIA: Pakistan. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.

Septoria cucurbitacearum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Bryonia Dioica ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Vegetable Marrow ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Cucurbita Ficifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria cucurbitacearum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita ficifolia (=C. melanosperma), C. maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo and Bryonia dioica (=B. cretica). DISEASE: Leaf spot of cantaloupe, cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and vegetable marrow. The visible symptoms are circular, olive brown lesions, prominent on the upper surface of the leaves. With the progress of the disease the spots enlarge, usually reaching 3-5 mm diam., occasionally 8 mm wide and soon dry up. Older lesions tend to turn white revealing several pycnidia embedded within the tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, USSR); North America (USA, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia disseminated by water splash in wet weather or heavy dews.

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