Wittgenstein and Formal Semantics: A Case Study on the Tractarian Notions of Truth-Conditions and Compositionality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Bartunek
Keyword(s):  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Truth Conditions

A Formal Definition of FRSM and Applications

1998 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 253-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Data Flow ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Data Flow Analysis ◽  
Requirements Specifications ◽  
Specification Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Formal Requirements

FRSM (Formal Requirements Specification Method) is a structured formal language and method for requirements analysis and specification construction based on data flow analysis. It uses a formalized DeMarco data flow diagram to describe the overall structure of systems and a VDM-SL like formal notation to describe precisely the functionality of components in the diagrams. This paper first describes the formal syntax and semantics of FRSM and then presents an example of using the axiom and inference rules given in the definition of the formal semantics for checking consistency of specifications. A case study of applying FRSM to a practical example is described to demonstrate the principle of constructing requirements specifications and to uncover the benefits and deficiencies of FRSM.

scholarly journals Qualitative Analysis of State/Event Fault Trees Based on Interface Automata

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
Gaofeng He ◽  
Bingfeng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fault Trees ◽  
System Failures ◽  
State Space Explosion ◽  
Interface Automata ◽  
Analysis Process

State/Event Fault Tree (SEFT) can be used for safety modeling and assessment. However, SEFT does not provide adequate semantics for analyzing the minimal scenarios leading to system failures. In this paper, we propose a novel qualitative analysis method for SEFT based on interface automata. Firstly, we propose the concept of guarded interface automata by adding guards on interface automata transitions. Based on this model, we can describe the triggers and guards of SEFT simultaneously. Then, a weak bisimilarity operation is defined to alleviate the state space explosion problem. Based on the proposed guarded interface automata and the weak bisimilarity operation, the semantics of SEFT can be precisely determined. After that, a qualitative analysis process is presented on the basis of the formal semantics of SEFT, and the analyzing result is the minimal cut sequence set representing the causes of system failures. Finally, a fire protection system case study is illustrated step by step to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

The Semantics of Spanish Permission Sentences

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 89-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach
Keyword(s):  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Existential Quantification

Abstract. In this paper the formal semantics of Spanish directive verbs, especially permissive deontic verbs, is studied. A dynamic perspective is adopted in which the meaning of an expression is not its truth conditions but its discourse update potential. The paper focuses on the following aspects of directive permission verbs: the analysis of their basic meaning in contrast with other modals; aspectual and temporal restrictions on the complements of permission verbs; restrictions on the subject of permission verbs; combinations of modals; and conjunction and disjunction of permission statements. A unified account is presented in a dynamic modal framework. An action is conceived of as a program expression denoting a set of sequences of states. Each sequence represents an execution of the action. Modal (directive) verbs are treated as operators introducing universal or existential quantification over sequences of states.

Formal Analysis of Database Trigger Systems Using Event-B

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Formal Method ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Block Code ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
Relational Database Systems ◽  
Human Inspection

Most modern relational database systems use triggers to implement automatic tasks in response to specific events happening inside or outside a system. A database trigger is a human readable block code without any formal semantics. Frequently, people can check if a trigger is designed correctly after it is executed or with human inspection. In this article, the authors introduce a new method to model and verify database trigger systems using Event-B formal method at early design phase. First, the authors make use of the similar mechanism between triggers and Event-B events to propose a set of rules translating a database trigger system into Event-B constructs. Then, the authors show how to verify data constraint preservation properties and detect infinite loops of trigger execution with RODIN/Event-B. The authors also illustrate the proposed method on a case study. Finally, a tool named Trigger2B which partly supports the automatic modeling process is presented.

Semantics

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-77
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Weaver ◽  
Kevin Scharp
Keyword(s):  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Semantic Framework ◽  
Question Under Discussion ◽  
Neutral Agent

Chapter 3 presents a semantic theory for reasons locutions. The semantic theory pairs a Kaplanian semantic framework with Craige Roberts’s question under discussion (QUD) pragmatic theory. The result is QUD Reasons Contextualism, which specifies eight distinct kinds of contexts of utterance for reasons locutions and the truth conditions for each one. The chapter then explains how each of the six reasons distinctions surveyed in Chapter 1 is related to the semantics for reasons locutions. In particular, the chapter shows that the agent neutral/agent relative distinction is a presemantic distinction, the normative/motivating/explanatory, objective/subjective, and permissive/obligatory distinctions are content distinctions, the adaptive/evaluative/practical and internal/external distinctions are domain distinctions, and the contributory/conclusive/sufficient distinction is a nonsemantic distinction. In addition, the chapter presents an extended example and an analogy with love locutions to illustrate the results. Finally, the chapter suggests a formal semantics for reasons locutions in the style of Kratzer’s semantics for modals.

On the Semantics of the Spanish Progressive Sequence ir + gerund

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 21-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Espunya
Keyword(s):  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Progressive Aspect ◽  
Progressive Form ◽  
The Asymmetry

Abstract. This paper focuses on progressive aspect. Definitions of the progressive in various formal semantics frameworks, concerned essentially with the English be + V-ing form, provide a picture of the progressive as a single aspectual notion, a sort of universal primitive. Languages such as Spanish and others in the Romance family that have two progressive forms, one built with the verb of motion ir 'to go*, challenge the notion of a unique progressive perspective. We examine the semantics of the linear progressive form ir + gerund and contrast it with estar + gerund, not only with respect to truth conditions but also with respect to the lexical and contexual aspects that make ir + gerund better suited to describe certain situations. We introduce the notion of perspective in loose analogy with Asher (1992) and argue that the linear progressive describes more adequately those perspectives that select the asymmetries in an event. This observation is accounted for by the asymmetry inherent in the linear progressive relation, since the period of time for which the progressive is true is a sequence T = {tj < tj < ... <tn} rather than an interval lacking subdivisions.

scholarly journals Why Aboutness Matters: Meta-Fictionalism as a Case Study

Philosophia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Plebani
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stephen Yablo

Abstract Recent work in the philosophy of language attempts to elucidate the elusive notion of aboutness (Berto 2018; Lewis 1988; Fine 2017a, b; Hawke 2017; Moltmann 2018; Yablo 2014). A natural question concerning such a project has to do with its motivation: why is the notion of aboutness important? Stephen Yablo (2014) offers an interesting answer: taking into consideration not only the conditions under which a sentence is true, but also what a sentence is about opens the door to a new style of criticism of certain philosophical analyses. We might criticize the analysis of a given notion not because it fails to assign the right truth conditions to a class of sentences, but because it characterizes those sentences as being about something they are not about. In this paper, I apply Yablo’s suggestion to a case study. I consider meta-fictionalism, the view that the content of a mathematical claim S is ‘according to standard mathematics, S’. I argue, following Woodward (2013), that, on certain assumptions, meta-fictionalism assigns the right truth-conditions to typical assertoric utterances of mathematical statements. However, I also argue that meta-fictionalism assigns the wrong aboutness conditions to typical assertoric utterances of mathematical statements.

scholarly journals Formal Analysis of Database Trigger Systems Using Event-B

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Anh Hong Le ◽  
To Van Khanh ◽  
Truong Ninh Thuan
Keyword(s):  
Formal Method ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Block Code ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
Trigger System ◽  
System A ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
Relational Database Systems

Most modern relational database systems use triggers to implement automatic tasks in response to specific events happening inside or outside a system. A database trigger is a human readable block code without any formal semantics. Frequently, people can check if a trigger is designed correctly after it is executed or by manual checking. In this article, the authors introduce a new method to model and verify database trigger systems using Event-B formal method at design phase. First, the authors make use of similar mechanism between triggers and Event-B events to propose a set of rules translating a database trigger system into Event-B constructs. Then, the authors show how to verify data constraint preservation properties and detect infinite loops of trigger execution with RODIN/Event-B. The authors also illustrate the proposed method with a case study. Finally, a tool named Trigger2B which partly supports the automatic modeling process is presented.

ONTOLOGY-BASED SEMANTIC VERIFICATION FOR UML BEHAVIORAL MODELS

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONGYUE HE ◽  
ZHIXUE WANG ◽  
QINGCHAO DONG ◽  
WEIZHONG ZHANG ◽  
WEIXING ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Description Logic ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Requirements Modeling ◽  
Logic System

UML is now popularly applied as a requirements modeling language for software system analysis and design, and the dynamic behaviors of system are described in UML behavioral model. As the UML model suffers from lack of well-defined formal semantics, it is difficult to formally analyze and verify the behavioral model. The paper presents a method of UML behavioral model verification based on Description Logic system and its formal inference. The semantics of UML behavioral models is divided into static semantics and dynamic semantics, which are formally specified in OWL DL ontology and DL-Safe rules. To check the consistency of the behavioral models, the algorithms are provided for transforming UML behavioral models into OWL DL ontology, and hence model consistency can be verified through formal reasoning with a DL supporting reasoner Pellet. A case study is provided to demonstrate applicability of the method.

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