Risk analysis and the law: international law, the World Trade Organization, CodexAlimentariusand national legislation

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Trade ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law

scholarly journals The Unanswered: Indirect Protection through the GATT

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-130
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Blattner
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Law ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Indirect Protection

This chapter explores the breadth and scope of options available to states that want to indirectly protect animals across the border, in particular under the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The flurry of academic discussion at the intersection of animal and trade law was sparked by the Appellate Body’s Seals report in 2014, but it failed to cut deep enough to link to the doctrine of jurisdiction under general international law, and efforts to enter negotiations to more thoroughly protect animals in trade never materialized. The author advances the discussion and fills a gap in scholarship by examining whether and how states can use trade law to indirectly protect animals abroad through import prohibitions, taxes and tariffs, as well as labels. An analysis of the legality of trade-restrictive measures that indirectly protect animals under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) precedes a discussion of justifications for violating the agreement.

scholarly journals The Law on State Responsibility and the World Trade Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 759-803
Author(s):  
Anna Ventouratou
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law

Abstract This paper examines the role of general international law in the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime, using the rules on state responsibility as a case study. It identifies and discusses instances in WTO case law where such rules were applied directly or were taken into consideration in interpreting relevant WTO provisions. The analysis demonstrates that direct application of general international law for the determination of indispensable matters not regulated by the WTO Agreements is part of the inherent powers of WTO adjudicative bodies. Moreover, under Article 3(2) Dispute Settlement Understanding and Article 31(3)(c) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, WTO adjudicative bodies have an obligation to take into account general international law in interpreting relevant WTO provisions. The paper delineates the methodology for assessing the interaction between general international law and WTO law and highlights the importance of adhering to this methodology to provide clarity and legal certainty regarding the scope and content of WTO obligations.

7. What international law does badly (or not at all)

2015 ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
Vaughan Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Trade ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law

International law cannot manufacture agreement where none exists. For this reason, international law is not well suited to the promotion of innovative solutions to international problems where the interests of States are radically divergent. ‘What international law does badly (or not at all)’ considers this in relation to climate change and to the protection of commercial interests in proprietary drugs. Also, international law cannot itself deliver international justice. While the law is an invaluable instrument for the implementation of policies that aim to make the world more just—the special preferential treatment given to developing States within the World Trade Organization, for example—it will not miraculously produce justice and fairness of its own force.

scholarly journals Implikasi Prinsip Most Favoured Nation terhadap Pengaturan Tarif Impor Di Indonesia

Wajah Hukum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Dony Yusra Pebrianto
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
National Production

The existence of trade liberalization are faced with the fact that competition in the trade of countries particularly in this export and import kian feels very rapidly. The existence of instruments of international law contained in the General Agreement on the set fee and Trade (GATT) becomes an important point in the conception of international trade arrangements for States parties who joined GATT in the World Trade Organization (WTO). So the principles inherent in the preparation of the concept of a national law for countries that have ratified GATT. Indonesia one of the countries that have ratified GATT would of course be bound by those principles, one of which is the principle of Most Favoured Nation tariff arrangements that implicates to import in Indonesia. So the protection of local commodities closed chances though limited to keep the continuity of the national production. 

scholarly journals Japanese Response to Indonesian Law Banning the Export of Raw Minerals

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Tai Fang Yi
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Minerals Processing ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p>The government of Indonesia enacted a policy banning the export of raw minerals in 2009, materialized in Law No. 04 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining. The law mandated the raw minerals processing inside the country before they can be exported to other countries by the year 2014. This policy has drawn response from the government of Japan as one of the importing countries. Japan had threatened to report to the World Trade Organization regarding the issue because they complained that the policy violates the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This study discusses how the policy is in the effort of Indonesia to develop its nation without any intention to harm any other countries. The justification of the enactment of the policy is mandated under the 1945 Constitution and the policy in essence does not deny the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The enactment of the policy has affected the raw minerals export activity in Indonesia when export activity reached its peak in 2013 and also the last year raw material export was allowed. The policy might also have impacts on Japanese mining industries which relies on the import of raw minerals from Indonesia and those having investments in Indonesian mining industries. Japan at the end cancelled its intention to report Indonesia to the World Trade Organization and agreed to solve the dispute through bilateral solutions.</p><p>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Pemerintah Indonesia memberlakukan kebijakan yang melarang ekspor mineral mentah pada tahun 2009 yang terwujud dalam Undang-Undang No. 04 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara. Undang-Undang tersebut mengamanatkan pemrosesan mineral mentah di dalam negeri sebelum dapat diekspor ke negara lain mulai dari tahun 2014. Kebijakan ini telah menarik tanggapan dari pemerintah Jepang sebagai salah satu negara pengimpor. Jepang telah mengancam untuk melapor kepada Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia mengenai masalah ini karena mereka mengeluhkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut melanggar Persetujuan Umum tentang Tarif dan Perdagangan. Studi ini membahas bagaimana kebijakan tersebut adalah upaya Indonesia untuk mengembangkan negaranya tanpa ada niat untuk menyakiti negara lain. Pembenaran atas berlakunya kebijakan tersebut diamanatkan di bawah UUD 1945 dan pada intinya, kebijakan tersebut tidak menyalahi Persetujuan Umum tentang Tarif dan Pertambangan. Pemberlakuan kebijakan tersebut telah mempengaruhi aktivitas ekspor mineral mentah di Indonesia di mana kegiatan ekspor mineral mentah paling tinggi pada tahun 2013 yang merupakan tahun terakhir di mana mineral mentah diizinkan untuk diekspor. Kebijakan tersebut memiliki dampak yang mungkin terjadi bagi industri pertambangan Jepang yang mengandalkan impor mineral mentah dari Indonesia dan yang memiliki investasi di industri pertambangan Indonesia. Jepang pada akhirnya membatalkan niatnya untuk melaporkan Indonesia ke Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia dan sepakat untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan tersebut melalui solusi bilateral.</p>

scholarly journals No Outsourcing of Law? WTO Law as Practiced by WTO Courts

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros C. Mavroidis
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law

This article provides a critical assessment of the corpus of law that the adjudicating bodies of the World Trade Organization (WTO)—the Appellate Body (AB) and panels—have used since the organization was established on January 1, 1995. After presenting a taxonomy of WTO law, I move to discern, and to provide a critical assessment of, the philosophy of the WTO adjudicating bodies, when called to interpret it. In discussing the law that WTO adjudicating bodies have used, I distinguish between sources of WTO law and interpretative elements. This distinction will be explicated in part I below. Part II provides a taxonomy of the sources of WTO law, and part III a taxonomy of the interpretative elements used to illuminate those sources. Part IV concludes.

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