Productive Development Partnership in Brazil

Brazil was one of the first countries to adopt significant health policies to better attend people with HIV. The integrated analysis of the high cost of medicines, public health, and access to medicines comprises an extremely complex task, and Productive Development Partnerships (PDP) was the mechanism used by the Brazilian government, with a view to technological development and training of national production complex. The PDP of atazanavir was formalized in late 2011, and the agreement includes the transfer of technology, manufacturing, and distribution of the drug. The PDP emerges as a solution found by the government to minimize the Ministry of Health drug spending and encourage the local production. However, one should not ignore that there are risks associated with regulatory barriers and problems in negotiations with the holders of technology. Thus, this chapter presents a case study of the successes the management information of the productive development partnerships in Brazil as a collaborative tool for global health.

Productive Development Partnership as a Strengthening of the South-South Relationship

Productive Development Partnership (PDP) established by the Ministry of Health comprehends cooperation, by agreements, between public and private institutions for development, transfer, and absorption of technology regarding strategic products in accordance with the demands of the Unified Health System. The PDP program represents one of the most important initiatives for building an industrial policy and systemic innovation in the health area. It also could promote the strengthening of the national production, public-private integration, favoring the incorporation of new technologies, which were dominated only by big multinational corporations in the private pharmaceutical sector. Additionally, the establishment of a PDP with a pharmaceutical company from a South American country, which is also part of Mercosur, expands the range of interaction beyond those already existing with American, European, and Asian companies, strengthening technical development-scientific of the region that will be able to catalyze the interaction with other companies also from the region.

Portuguese Wood Pellets Market: Organization, Production and Consumption Analysis

Wood pellets are a form of energy that can be seen as an alternative to fossil fuels, thus contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In other words, wood pellets can be considered a solution contributing to the mitigation of climate change. The use of wood pellets has grown significantly in recent years, with different markets emerging, such as Portugal, both from production and consumption perspectives. The wood pellet industry in Portugal began its development about 15 years ago, with the companies installed in the country initially almost exclusively dedicated to the production of wood pellets for export to central and northern European markets. However, over the years, the domestic market, initially considered insignificant, began to develop; it recently reached a considerable consuming share of the national production. This study presents an analysis of the Portuguese wood pellet market using data collected on the sector, and specifically on producers and consumers. The information was gathered using surveys presented directly to consumers and producers and through interviews with other stakeholders in the sector. From the analysis of the information, it was possible to understand the market’s dynamics, its current evolution and its prospects for the upcoming years, since it can already be considered mature and consolidated.

Historical food consumption declines and the role of alternative foods

The adoption of sustainable new foods could potentially reduce the environmental burden of human food production if they can reduce demand for products with higher environmental impact. However, there is little empirical evidence for how frequent food consumption declines are when new foods are introduced, limiting our knowledge of the potential for such introductions to drive food system transformations. Using 53 years of global food supply data for 99 crop, livestock, and seafood commodities in 159 countries, we use regression analyses on 12,883 time series to detect sustained declines in apparent national food consumption, as well as corresponding consumption increases of other food commodities. First, we show that sustained declines in the consumption of any food item are rare, occuring in 9.6% of time series. Where declines are present, they most frequently occur in traditional plant-based staples, e.g., starchy roots, and are larger compared to animal-source foods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where much of the future increase in food demand is expected to occur. Second, although declines were rare, we found national production rather than trade was identified as the most common proximate driver of declines in consumption, suggesting that shifts in diets have the potential to translate into reduced environmental impacts from food production. Third, we found consumption increases were nearly twice as common as declines, but only 8% of declines (from within 4% of total time series) occurred parallel to incline events within the same food group, suggesting limited interchangeability. An examination of case studies suggests that new foods can facilitate food system transitions, but strong relative disadvantages for existing foods across aspects of technology, markets, policy and culture need to exist in parallel to support for new foods across the same factors. Where existing foods are already produced in highly efficient systems, a lack of systematic disadvantage may provide a barrier to alternative foods driving change.

Promoting healthy births and reducing infant mortality through national health system

The main value of both the national economy and the global community is the human being. Therefore, the strategy of sustainable development is focused on the primary factors that ensure human development and the realization of man's divine inalienable right to a full life. The central link in the realization of this right is the organization of the system of medical care, primarily for mothers and children. Perinatal care determines the level of socio-economic development of the country in the global environment and is determined by the perspective of the modern international economy in terms of acceptability of generations, determines the level of competitiveness of national production and its final consumption. The conducted research characterized the goals and objectives of the WHO to implement the strategy of sustainable development, namely that every woman, every child, and adolescent anywhere in the world could realize the right to health. This goal national governments must achieve by the end of 2050. Therefore, from the perspective of this concept, an assessment of perinatal health care was carried out.

xperimental Evaluation of the Possibility of using the LAL test to Determine Bacterial Endotoxins in Vaccines for Rabies Prophylaxis

Relevance. The presence of pyrogenic impurities in finished dosage forms of concentrated cultural anti-rabies vaccines produced in the Russian Federation is determined using pyrogenicity tests on rabbits (in vivo). In accordance with the decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated September 7, 2018 N 151 «On the approval of guidelines for drawing up a regulatory document on the quality of a medicinal product», one of the requirements for parenteral drugs is the determination of bacterial endotoxins. This document indicates that the regulatory documentation should include a test and an admissibility criterion for bacterial endotoxins (BE) using the horseshoe crab amoebocyte lysate technique.Aims. Experimental evaluation of the possibility of using the LAL-test to determine bacterial endotoxins in national vaccines for the prevention of rabies.Materials and methods. The research of the drug «Cultural antirabies vaccine concentrated inactivated purified» of national production was carried out in accordance with the National Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, General Pharmacopoeia Monograph OFS.1.2.4.0006.15 in three modifications: gel-clot test: methods A, B; turbidimetric kinetic test: method C; chromogenic kinetic test: method D.Results. Was investigated 6 series of the national vaccines for the prevention of rabies from two national manufacturers (using three pharmacopoeial methods). LAL reagent produced by two companies (Charles River Endosafe® and Lonza). In order to confirm the reproducibility of the method, the gel-clot test was carried out at different time intervals by one or two operators. During the research was determined the possibility of using photometric methods (method C and D).Conclusions. The research proved the possibility of determining bacterial endotoxins by methods: gel-clot test (method A), turbidimetric kinetic test (method C) and chromogenic kinetic test (method D). Method B is recommended for quantitative analysis of vaccine without instrumental methods. During the research all national vaccines for the prevention of rabies was free from bacterial endotoxins (no more 25 EU/ml).

The use of improved cajuput seeds to encourage self-sufficiency in cajuput oil in Indonesia

Melaleuca cajuput sub sp cajuput is an indigenous species in Indonesia which primarily used for the cajuput oil industry. The demand for cajuput oil is reported at around 3,500 tons/year, while the national capacity production is only around 600 tons years−1 due to lack of grower interest in planting and low productivity of the existing plantations. Following the success of the genetic improvement of cajuput in which oil yield and cineole content are improved, carried out by CFBTI, a program to increase oil production through developing plantations using genetically improved seeds was developed in six provinces. Five small-growers and one company were involved in the program covering 35 ha and 2000 ha of a plantation, respectively. This paper aims to report the progress of the program by focusing on the impact of the improved seed and people’s participation in developing cajuput plantations. The paper also discusses the projected impact for further development of the plantations, including government policy to support increased national production of cajuput oil as well as ensuring the market. The results showed that oil productivity varied among small-grower sites ranging from 93.75 to 171.6 kg ha−1 year−1, while for the company it could be increased to reach oil productivity of 175.5 kg ha−1 year−1 through innovative technology either in the plantation or in the distillation process. As compared to the previous system using ordinary un-improved seed, the oil productivity in the program increased around 62 – 116 %. The program also revealed that the cajuput industry could be managed effectively and efficiently while maintaining the sustainability and continuity of high oil production so that Indonesia will become self-sufficient in cajuput oil.

The role of stakeholders to support implementation of modern agricultural programs

The Ministry of Agriculture has implemented the Modern Agriculture Program since 2016 by distributing agricultural machinery to farmers, in order to improve Indonesian agriculture which is characterized by small scale, low productivity, low labor productivity, and national production that is not self-sufficient. The objective of this research is to analyze the role of stakeholders to support the implementation of the programs. South Sulawesi was chosen purposively as the research location. The interviewees are service institutions from central to regional, key informants, farmer groups, extension agents, agricultural machinery service providers, and individual farmers. The analysis used was stakeholder analysis. The results showed that the main actors in the Modern Agricultural Program were machinery operators and UPJA administrators. The beneficiaries of Modern Agricultural services are mainly the share and tenant farmers. The machinery operators have the strongest position. In terms of the external network, the machinery operators and “area brokers” are the most important parties and determine the operation of the machinery. In order for the Modern Agriculture Program to provide positive benefits to all parties, it is necessary to strive for a system of work with fair profit sharing and to provide wider opportunities for businessmen to take part in the program.

Pharmaceutical policies for diseases related to poverty in Brazil: a review

The "epidemiological transition" has fostered increasing attention to chronic and non-communicable diseases, but neglected diseases are still present and their relationship with the population's socioeconomic inequalities is increasingly evident, so much so that there has been a conceptual conversion to call them “poverty-related diseases”. It is a necessary to review and to discuss the characteristics and challenges of Brazilian pharmaceutical policies for populations affected by diseases related to poverty. This review of the literature was carried out, with works of the last 10 years dealing with the theme and the Brazilian reality. Out of the 272 identified articles, only 43 publications were included in this study. The results were: (i) the difficulties of investing in the research, development and production of new drugs for these diseases; (ii) the characteristics of access policies to medicines already available, their advances and limitations; (iii) and issues related to the right to comprehensive pharmaceutical assistance. Therefore, for the available therapies, national production and federal funding contributed to guarantee the supply. Assisted qualification actions are necessary and little discussed in area studies.

Territorio usado e circuito superior marginal: Equipamentos médicos em campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto (SP)

A tecnociência, a informação e as finanças são variáveis determinantes da globalização e isso se releva também para a saúde. Os avanços tecnológicos no campo da medicina e a recente sofisticação dos serviços de diagnóstico e tratamento revelam a difusão do meio técnico científico e informacional (Santos, 1994), ao mesmo tempo em que reforçam antigas concentrações da produção de bens e de serviços de saúde. No Brasil, o impacto seletivo das modernizações criou uma produtividade geográfica em algumas cidades do estado de São Paulo, como Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto. É, portanto, no contexto da urbanização recente que podemos observar novas formas de trabalho ligadas aos equipamentos médicos que emergem dentro do processo de substituição de umadivisão do trabalho por outra mais moderna. Uma diversidade de agentes com diferentes níveis de capital, tecnologia e organização passa a dinamizar uma economia urbana complexa ligada a rede de cidades do país, dando forma aos circuitos da economia urbana (Santos, 1979). O território usado para produzir e consumir saúde mostrou como a tecnificação da medicina moderna tem beneficiado um processo acelerado de renovação técnica e normativa da produção nacional de aparelhos médicos. O circuito superior marginal desses equipamentos emergente nessas três cidades foi capaz de nos mostrar novos mecanismos de oligopolização da economia urbana e de uso do território Technoscience, information and finance are determining variables of globalization, and this is also relevant to health. Technological advances in the medical field and the recent sophistication of diagnostic and treatment services reveal the diffusion of the technical scientific and informational environment (Santos, 1994), while at the same time reinforcing old concentrations of the production of goods and health services. In Brazil, the selective impact of modernizations has created a geographical productivity in some cities of the state of São Paulo, such as Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and São José do Rio Preto. It is, therefore, in the context of recent urbanization that we can observe new forms of work linked to medical equipment emerging within the process of replacing one division of labor with a more modern one. A diversity of agents with different levels of capital, technology and organization start to dynamize a complex urban economy linked to the network of cities in the country,shaping the circuits of the urban economy (Santos, 1979). The territory used to produce and consume health showed how the technification of modern medicine has benefited an accelerated process of technical and normative renovation of the national production of medical equipment. The marginal upper circuit of these equipment emerging in these three cities was able to show us new mechanisms of oligopolization of the urban economy and of the use of territory.