Scalar timing without reference memory? Episodic temporal generalization and bisection in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Wearden ◽  
Simon Bray
Keyword(s):  
Reference Memory ◽  
Temporal Generalization

scholarly journals More is Still not Better: Testing the Perturbation Model of Temporal Reference Memory across Different Modalities and Tasks

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth S. Ogden ◽  
Luke A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Generalization Gradient ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Perturbation Model ◽  
Temporal Generalization

The ability of the perturbation model (Jones & Wearden, 2003) to account for reference memory function in a visual temporal generalization task and auditory and visual reproduction tasks was examined. In all tasks the number of presentations of the standard was manipulated (1, 3, or 5), and its effect on performance was compared. In visual temporal generalization the number of presentations of the standard did not affect the number of times the standard was correctly identified, nor did it affect the overall temporal generalization gradient. In auditory reproduction there was no effect of the number of times the standard was presented on mean reproductions. In visual reproduction mean reproductions were shorter when the standard was only presented once; however, this effect was reduced when a visual cue was provided before the first presentation of the standard. Whilst the results of all experiments are best accounted for by the perturbation model there appears to be some attentional benefit to multiple presentations of the standard in visual reproduction.

Temporal Information Processing in Musicians and Nonmusicians

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Rammsayer ◽  
Eckart Altenmüller
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Temporal Information Processing ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Temporal Generalization

The present study was designed to examine the general notion that temporal information processing is more accurate in musicians than in nonmusicians. For this purpose, 36 academically trained musicians and 36 nonmusicians performed seven different auditory temporal tasks. Superior temporal acuity for musicians compared to nonmusicians was shown for auditory fusion, rhythm perception, and three temporal discrimination tasks. The two groups did not differ, however, in terms of their performance on two tasks of temporal generalization. Musicians’superior performance appeared to be limited to aspects of timing which are considered to be automatically and immediately derived from online perceptual processing of temporal information. Unlike immediate online processing of temporal information, temporal generalizations, which involve a reference memory of sorts, seemed not to be influenced by extensive music training.

scholarly journals Learning by Doing: The Use of Distance, Corners and Length in Rewarded Geometric Tasks by Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Greta Baratti ◽  
Angelo Rizzo ◽  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Valeria Anna Sovrano
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Surface Distance ◽  
Extended Surfaces ◽  
Unequal Length ◽  
Over Time

Zebrafish spontaneously use distance and directional relationships among three-dimensional extended surfaces to reorient within a rectangular arena. However, they fail to take advantage of either an array of freestanding corners or an array of unequal-length surfaces to search for a no-longer-present goal under a spontaneous cued memory procedure, being unable to use the information supplied by corners and length without some kind of rewarded training. The present study aimed to tease apart the geometric components characterizing a rectangular enclosure under a procedure recruiting the reference memory, thus training zebrafish in fragmented layouts that provided differences in surface distance, corners, and length. Results showed that fish, besides the distance, easily learned to use both corners and length if subjected to a rewarded exit task over time, suggesting that they can represent all the geometrically informative parts of a rectangular arena when consistently exposed to them. Altogether, these findings highlight crucially important issues apropos the employment of different behavioral protocols (spontaneous choice versus training over time) to assess spatial abilities of zebrafish, further paving the way to deepen the role of visual and nonvisual encodings of isolated geometric components in relation to macrostructural boundaries.

scholarly journals Empirical Insights from a Study on Outlier Preserving Value Generalization in Animated Choropleth Maps

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Christoph Traun ◽  
Manuela Larissa Schreyer ◽  
Gudrun Wallentin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
First Order ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Temporal Generalization ◽  
Perceptual Limits ◽  
Local Outlier

Time series animation of choropleth maps easily exceeds our perceptual limits. In this empirical research, we investigate the effect of local outlier preserving value generalization of animated choropleth maps on the ability to detect general trends and local deviations thereof. Comparing generalization in space, in time, and in a combination of both dimensions, value smoothing based on a first order spatial neighborhood facilitated the detection of local outliers best, followed by the spatiotemporal and temporal generalization variants. We did not find any evidence that value generalization helps in detecting global trends.

Spatial reference memory in GluR-A-deficient mice using a novel hippocampal-dependent paddling pool escape task

Hippocampus ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.B. Schmitt ◽  
R.M.J. Deacon ◽  
D. Reisel ◽  
R. Sprengel ◽  
P.H. Seeburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Memory ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Spatial Reference Memory ◽  
Deficient Mice

Effects of altered cholinergic function on working and reference memory in the rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Beninger ◽  
B. A. Wirsching ◽  
Khem Jhamandas ◽  
Roland J. Boegman ◽  
Sherif R. El-Defrawy
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Radial Maze ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Nucleus Basalis ◽  
Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Alternation Task

Many data suggest that the brain's cholinergic neurons participate in the control of memory and it has been suggested that cholinergic systems are involved differentially in working and reference memory. To test this hypothesis the effects on memory of unilateral injections of the neurotoxins, quinolinic acid or kainic acid into the cortically projecting cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) were evaluated. In experiment 1, quinolinate-injected (n = 7) and sham-operated (n = 7) rats were tested in a T-maze alternation task that requires working memory. Lesion rats performed significantly more poorly than shams and subsequent biochemical assays of cortical choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity revealed significant reductions in the lesion rats. In experiment 2, kainate-injected (n = 9) and sham-operated (n = 8) rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze with only four arms baited. Lesion rats made significantly more working memory errors (entries into baited arms from which the food had already been collected) than reference memory errors (entries into never baited arms). CAT assays showed that the lesion led to a decrease in cortical CAT with no significant change in hippocampal CAT. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons of the basocortical system may be differentially involved in working and reference memory.

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