Possible pathways for mercury methylation in oxic marine waters

An overview of modern approaches to the problem of parametrisation of sources of marine waters microplastics pollution from the coastline is conducted. The estimates of Europe’s plastic production along with mismanaged plastic waste percentage that might be the source of microplastics particles input to marine environment are presented. A semi-empirical for-mulation for the particles source intensity is suggested. It considers the main factors of local anthropogenic pressure for the coastal spot location for the given coordinates. Both ad-vantages and disadvantages of such an approach along with possible ways for improvement are discussed.

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microplastics, numerical modelling, the Baltic Sea, anthropogenic pollution

Proceedings of International Conference "Managinag risks to coastal regions and communities in a changinag world" (EMECS'11 - SeaCoasts XXVI) ◽

10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4317340b50 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Andrei Bagaev ◽

Irina Chubarenko ◽

Irina Chubarenko

Keyword(s):

Numerical Modelling ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Anthropogenic Pollution ◽

Anthropogenic Pressure ◽

Marine Waters ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Main Factors ◽

The Baltic ◽

Semi Empirical ◽

The Given

An overview of modern approaches to the problem of parametrisation of sources of marine waters microplastics pollution from the coastline is conducted. The estimates of Europe’s plastic production along with mismanaged plastic waste percentage that might be the source of microplastics particles input to marine environment are presented. A semi-empirical for-mulation for the particles source intensity is suggested. It considers the main factors of local anthropogenic pressure for the coastal spot location for the given coordinates. Both ad-vantages and disadvantages of such an approach along with possible ways for improvement are discussed.

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Detection of giardia and cryptosporidium in marine waters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0655 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (5-6) ◽

pp. 439-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D. C. Johnson ◽

K. A. Reynolds ◽

C. P. Gerba ◽

I. L. Pepper ◽

J. B. Rose

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Tap Water ◽

Polypropylene Fiber ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Sewage Discharge ◽

Antibody Staining ◽

Parasite Detection ◽

Cartridge Filter ◽

Overall Efficiency ◽

Immunofluorescence Antibody

Raw sewage disposal in marine waters is a common practice in many countries. This practice raises health risk concerns of possible transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Both of these protozoa have been shown to be transmitted by recreational swimming. To date no studies have determined the efficiency of their detection and concentration in marine waters. This study evaluated the efficiency of their detection in tap water and from marine waters in Hawaii with two different filter types. This study compared a polypropylene fiber cartridge filter, DPPPY (1.0 μm nominal porosity) (Cuno, Meriden, CT) which is typically used for parasite detection and the Filterite negatively charged filter (0.45μm) (Filtemp Sales, Inc., Phoenix, AZ). The latter would allow for both viruses and parasites to be concentrated simultaneously. The organisms were removed from the filter by passing the eluent through the filters in the opposite direction of collection and detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody staining specific for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Processing was simpler and faster with the Filterite filter and the overall efficiency for both Giardia and Cryptosporidium detection was greater. These methods are currently being used for the detection of the oocysts and cysts at bathing beaches in Hawaii impacted by marine sewage discharge.

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Detection of enteroviruses in marine waters by direct RT-PCR and cell culture

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0635 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (5-6) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. A. Reynolds ◽

C. P. Gerba ◽

I. L. Pepper

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The United States ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Storm Water Runoff ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Reaction Amplification

Sewage outfalls and storm water runoff introduces pathogenic human enteric viruses into marine coastal waters, which may pose a potential public health risk. Although members of the enterovirus group have been suggested as possible indicators of sewage pollution in marine waters, the lack of rapid, sensitive and cost effective methods have prevented routine monitoring in the United States. This study compared traditional cell culture and direct RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) amplification for detection of an enterovirus. Poliovirus could be recovered from 100 L of artificial seawater with an average efficiency of 77%, using adsorption and elution from electronegative filters. Viruses were eluted from the filters with 1.5% beef extract for viruses (BEV) adjusted to pH 9.5 and reconcentrated by organic flocculation to a volume of 30 mL. Substances which interfered with detection by RT-PCR were removed by treatment of the concentrates with sephadex and chelex resins. Direct RT-PCR could detect 2.5 and 0.025 PFU (plaque forming units) for single (25 cycles) and double PCR (2 × 25 cycles) in 10 μL of pure culture poliovirus samples, respectively. These methods are currently being applied to assess the occurrence of enteroviruses at marine bathing beaches influenced by sewage discharges.

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Survival of giardia, cryptosporidium, poliovirus and salmonella in marine waters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0744 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (11-12) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

D. C. Johnson ◽

C. E. Enriquez ◽

I. L. Pepper ◽

T. L. Davis ◽

C. P. Gerba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Common Method ◽

Waterborne Pathogens ◽

Protozoan Parasites ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Untreated Sewage ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽

Giardia Muris

Discharge of sewage into the ocean is still a common method of disposal worldwide. Both treated and untreated sewage may contain significant concentrations of waterborne pathogens, such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, poliovirus and Salmonella. Limited studies exist on the survival of poliovirus and Salmonella in marine waters; however, almost no information exists on the survival of protozoan parasites in marine waters. This study examined the survival of Giardia muris cysts, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, poliovirus-1 and Salmonella typhimurium in marine waters. The survival of the microorganisms varied according to the presence of light, salinity and water quality (as determined by quantity of enterococci). All microorganisms survived longer in the dark than in sunlight, the order of survival in sunlight being: Cryptosporidium > poliovirus > Giardia > Salmonella.

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