Role of Forest Management in Environmental Studies with Reference to the Maintaining of Conservation Values

A forest is a type of ecosystem in which there is high density of trees occupying a relatively large area of land. An ecosystem is an ecological unit consisting of a biotic community together with it’s a biotic environment. In the case of forest, tress dominant the biotic landscape, although there are also other plants and animals. There are many types of forest, such as tropical, evergreen, deciduous and dry forest based on the climatic condition and types of trees present. Forests provide innumerable values to people, provide aspects that address both physical needs as well as the internal nature of people. Forest help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature, through respiration, and by retaining particulates. Erosion control has always started with tree and grass planting projects. Tree roots bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain on soil. Trees fight soil erosion, conserve rainwater and reduce water runoff and sediment deposit after storms. Herbs, shrubs and trees in the forests hold the topmost layer firmly by their roots. This does not allow natural forces like wind and water to carry away the topmost fertile layer of the soil easily. Hence, Forests prevent soil erosion. With forest conservation, animal species, insects and all the biodiversity of natural areas is protected. It is noteworthy that these beings and the local vegetation exert influence on conservation beyond deforestation and the regional climate, even interfering with the health of the local community. Keywords: Forest, Natural Resources, Implementation, Ecological Balance, Significance, Deforestation, Climatic Condition

Basin-Scale Approach to Integration of Agro- and Hydroecological Monitoring for Sustainable Environmental Management: A Case Study of Belgorod Oblast, European Russia

The quantitative and qualitative depletion of water resources (both surface and groundwater) is closely related to the need to protect soils against degradation, rationalization of land use, and regulation of surface water runoff within the watershed area. Belgorod Oblast (27,100 km2), one of the administrative regions of European Russia, was chosen as the study area. It is characterized by a high activity of soil erosion (the share of eroded soils is about 48% of the total area of arable land). The development phase of the River Basin Environmental Management Projects (217 river basins from the fourth to seventh order) allowed for the proceeding of the development of an integrated monitoring system for river systems and river basin systems. The methods used to establish a geoecological network for regional monitoring include the selection and application of GIS techniques to quantify the main indicators of ecological state and predisposition of river basins to soil erosion (the share of cropland and forestland, the share of the south-oriented slopes, soil erodibility, Slope Length and Steepness (LS) factor, erosion index of precipitation, and the river network density) and the method of a hierarchical classification of cluster analysis for the grouping of river basins. An approach considering the typology of river basins is also used to expand the regional network of hydrological gauging stations to rationalize the national hydrological monitoring network. By establishing 16 additional gauging stations on rivers from the fourth to seventh order, this approach allows for an increase in the area of hydro-agroecological monitoring by 1.26 times (i.e., up to 77.5% of the total area of Belgorod Oblast). Some integrated indicators of agroecological (on the watershed surface) and hydroecological (in river water flow) monitoring are proposed to improve basin environmental management projects. Six-year monitoring showed the effectiveness of water quality control measures on an example of a decrease in the concentrations of five major pollutants in river waters.

Effect of Hydrological Data on Flood Management in Urban Areas

Floods can occur due to rising water levels due to above-normal rainfall, changes in temperature, broken embankments/dams, rapid snowmelt, obstruction of water flow in other places, and putting people at risk of annual disasters due to flooding. The purpose of this study was to obtain a more detailed description of hydrological conditions so that flooding in the Bandar Lampung urban area can be optimally managed or controlled. The method used in flood control research is the analysis of the calculation of the average rainfall in the watershed, and the calculation of the planned discharge. The results of the analysis show that the existing drainage channels that have been carried out for each channel point have dimensions that are not large enough so that they are not sufficient to accommodate water runoff. so that for a 5-year discharge of 28.058 m3/s, the dimensions of the channel are 3 m wide and 2.6 m deep and for a 10-year discharge of 30.609 m3/s, the channel dimensions are 3.1 m wide and 2.7 m deep.

The Main Features of Phosphorus Transport in World Rivers

Data on the geochemistry of phosphorus in the continental runoff of dissolved and solid substances were systematized and generalized, with a separate consideration of the processes of runoff transformation in river mouth areas. It has been established that atmospheric deposition, which many authors consider to be an important source of phosphorus in river runoff and not associated with mobilization processes in catchments, actually contains phosphorus from soil-plant recycling. This is confirmed by the fact that the input of phosphorus from the atmosphere into catchments exceeds its removal via water runoff. An analysis of the mass ratio of phosphorus in the adsorbed form and in the form of its own minerals was carried out. It was shown that the maximum mass of adsorbed phosphorus is limited by the solubility of its most stable minerals. The minimum concentrations of dissolved mineral and total phosphorus were observed in the rivers of the Arctic and subarctic belts; the maximum concentrations were confined to the most densely populated temperate zone and the zone of dry tropics and subtropics. In the waters of the primary hydrographic network, the phosphorus concentration exhibited direct relationships with the population density in the catchments and the mineralization of the river water and was closely correlated with the nitrogen content. This strongly suggests that economic activity is one of the main factors in the formation of river phosphorus runoff. The generalization of the authors’ and the literature’s data on the behavior of phosphorus at the river–sea mixing zone made it possible to draw a conclusion about the nonconservative distribution of phosphorus, in most cases associated with biological production and destruction processes. The conservative behavior of phosphorus was observed only in heavily polluted river mouths with abnormally high concentrations of this element.

Legal support for preventing and combating land flooding in Ukraine

Due to global warming, over-regulation of water bodies, disruption of water runoff, poor functioning or complete lack of drainage systems, reduction of forest areas, our state will not avoid the problems associated with flooding. The harmful effects of water are due to global factors, such as warming and melting glaciers, as well as regional features, including the water exchange system between water bodies, changes in rainfall and river runoff. Land flooding is a phenomenon that cannot be completely prevented. However, human activity increases its likelihood and impact. The risk of flooding and the degree of damage caused, as well as the impact on the health and socio-economic situation of those affected, will continue to increase in the future due to climate change. Inadequate river management, construction in flood-prone areas and the growing population living in these areas exacerbate the effects of flooding. Ukraine has already taken appropriate steps to implement the provisions of international acts in the field of preventing and combating land flooding into national legislation. However, the quality of implementation of national programs in this area requires better, as most measures, unfortunately, are not implemented. Failure to implement measures in certain amounts creates high risks of flooding, as a result of which the population and the economy of the state suffer multimillion losses. Keywords: land flooding, harmful effects of water, threats and risks of flooding, basin-based water management, climate change, global warming

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATIONS ON THE RUN OF THE PUTIL RIVER

Research of precipitation, water balance of river basins, and the impact of precipitation on river runoff remain relevant in the context of global and regional climate change. Nowadays, many scientific research all over the world are devoted to the research of the problem of river runoff change under the influence of climatic factors. This kind of research has been developing strongly in Ukraine in recent decades. In particular, they concern the rivers of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The basin of the river Putyla to the line of the village of Putyla has an area of 181 km2. It is located in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian and characterized by a significant influence of warm rains on the formation of water runoff. The average annual runoff is characterized by rather complex patterns of change both in time and space. There are periodic, cyclical and unidirectional changes that occur under the influence of a complex system of factors. Climate is a major factor of the water change. Thus, the research of the average runoff of the Putila River has different aspects.To determine the effect of precipitation on river runoff, the method of comparing difference-integral curves of annual runoff and precipitation, as well as water-balance methods are used. Long-term changes and intra-annual distribution of precipitation, in particular rainfall, according to the observations of the meteorological station Selyatyn were analyzed. We constructed a differential integrated curve of modular coefficients of the average annual precipitation in the Putil district. It clearly reflects the cyclical changes in precipitation. Long-term changes and intra-annual distribution of water runoff in the Putyla River also were analyzed. During the observation period, periods of long-term fluctuations of the average annual precipitation were revealed. The average annual rainfall is 842.9 mm. The annual course is stable, ie the greatest amount of precipitation falls in the summer, when there are intense thunderstorms and showers, the least – in winter. Based on the data of hydrological observations, the average long-term value of water consumption according to GP Putila is 2.47 m3/s. We calculated the coefficient of variability (variation). The coefficient of variation for average costs is 0.21 (21%), and for precipitation – 0.7 (7%). The connection between precipitation and runoff was established. We have built a comprehensive schedule of annual distribution of precipitation and costs of the Putyla River for 2010. You can see that in the spring due to snowmelt there is an influx of water and there is a spring flood. It is known that 2010 in Putilsky district was full of water. The reduction of water consumption in the Putyla River in the cold period of the year with a decrease in precipitation is also observed. Graph of the dependence of the runoff of the Putyla River on precipitation in the village of Selyatyn showed a fairly clear relationship between the variable values of runoff and precipitation (the coefficient of variation is 0,66). The feeding structure of the Putyla River is mixed. The main share is occupied by rain, less - snow and groundwater. Key words: climate change, precipitation, runoff, rivers, long-term changes in runoff, intra-annual distribution of precipitation and runoff, Putyla river.

Evaluation method of allowable concentration of pollutants considering the state of bottom sediments

Considering the dilution of sewage and the interaction between river water and bottom sediments, a mathematical model for the conversion of pollutants in water bodies has been developed. Taking the small rivers in northern Vietnam (Ban Thi River and Dai River in the Red River Basin) as an example, it shows that more than 60% of the chemical composition of the river waters studied is determined by the interaction of the following factors: Co-precipitation of sediments and trace elements on solid particles, and sediments at the bottom of the river. The impact of water runoff is first manifested in the change of solid runoff, and to a lesser extent in the process of regulating the water, which takes longer to establish equilibrium in the solution. On the basis of the proposed model, a simplified version of the model and a standardized pollutant discharge method have been developed for whether there is an option of river water chemical composition observation data. In this case, the influence of interaction with bottom sediments is indirectly considered through the structure of the model and its parameter values. The simplified model was tested with the Jinjiang River in the Poyang Lake Basin as an example.

Water supply and water runoff quality in the sub deciduous forest of the Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

Introduction: Land use change and waste discharge from coffee processing may be affecting quantity and quality of water supplying urban areas in the coastal region of Oaxaca.Objective: To determine the level of contamination of aquifers and estimate surface water runoff in micro-watersheds of Pluma Hidalgo and Santa María Huatulco in Oaxaca, Mexico.Materials and methods: Seven water supply points were analyzed during the rainy season of 2019. The following physicochemical parameters were determined: pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness, total solids, chlorides, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Surface runoff was estimated using the Raws and Prevert methods.Results and discussion. Water bodies are within the permissible limits for human use. The Chacalapilla spring was classified as moderately hard (85 mg CaCO3∙L-1), while the seven water bodies exceeded the permissible limit for COD (40 to 200 mg∙L-1); therefore, water is in a contaminated classification range and is not suitable for human consumption. Surface runoff values suggest a medium conservation condition of vegetation cover; areas with higher cover recorded lower runoff coefficients.Conclusions. The physicochemical parameters indicated that water from Pluma Hidalgo and Santa María Huatulco is suitable for human use, but not for drinking

Hydrogeological functions of obskoye and baksinskoye swamps in the southeast of West Siberian Plain

Based on hydrological data from 1966 to 2019, quantitative estimates of the water balance of the Baksinskoye and Obskoye fens. The decrease in surface evaporation of the swamp and the increase in water runoff occurred in the main distribution of the swamp. This will exacerbate the degree of swamping in the area. The impact of marsh water on groundwater is most likely to occur during the dry season in summer and autumn. During this period: 1) possible overflow of bog waters into underground horizons in areas of 800–900 m; 2) increased permeability. When the water mass is discharged from the fens plain into the river, the impact of the fens water reaches its maximum during the subside of the flood.

Quantifying the impact of urban runoff injection on groundwater Enhancement in a semi-arid environment using SWMM and MOFLOW Model

<p>In the urban area, surface runoff can be utilized effectively to improve groundwater table through rainwater harvesting. The main aims of this study were to:1) investigate the potential of the surface runoff to inject into Urmia aquifer and increase groundwater recharge of this aquifer using SWMM - MOFLOW Model, 2) to investigate the quality of the urban runoff for aquifer recharge, and 3) to investigate the feasibility and effeteness of the artificial recharge via injection wells in a semi-arid area. Urmia city with an area of 930 Km2 is located at the West of the Urmia Lake in the North-West of Iran. The study aquifer has a negative groundwater budget, while some of the sub basin in the study watershed is prone to flood in the falling season. In this study, based on the location of surcharged channels, the quantity of rechargeable surface runoff to inject into the aquifer was estimated via SWMM model. Calibrated MODFLOW model was applied to predict the potential effects of the injectable water runoff on the groundwater surface. Estimated runoff by SWMM model was used as the input of the MODFLOW model. The quantity of the heavy metals (Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Pb and Cu2+) TDS and pH were measured to control runoff quality. According to the results, 1.12 million cubic meters (MCM) per year of runoff can be injected to the aquifer via 9 designed injection wells. This amount is equivalent to the annual loss of the aquifer (about 20 centimeters per year) that can ensure the stability of the aquifer in the injection area.</p>