scholarly journals Volatile organic compounds at two oil and natural gas production well pads in Colorado and Texas using passive samplers

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. Eisele ◽  
Shaibal Mukerjee ◽  
Luther A. Smith ◽  
Eben D. Thoma ◽  
Donald A. Whitaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Natural Gas Production ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

scholarly journals Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds associated with oil and natural gas extraction in the Uintah Basin, UT, during a wintertime ozone formation event

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 5727-5741 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Koss ◽  
J. de Gouw ◽  
C. Warneke ◽  
J. B. Gilman ◽  
B. M. Lerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Gas Extraction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oil and natural gas extraction were measured during a strong temperature inversion in the winter of 2013 at a rural site in the Uintah Basin, Utah. During this period, photochemistry enhanced by the stagnant meteorological conditions and concentrated VOCs led to high ozone mixing ratios (150 ppbv). A simple analysis of aromatic VOCs measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry (PTR-MS) is used to estimate (1) VOC emission ratios (the ratio of two VOCs at the time of emission) relative to benzene, (2) aromatic VOC emission rates, and (3) ambient OH radical concentrations. These quantities are determined from a best fit to VOC : benzene ratios as a function of time. The main findings are that (1) emission ratios are consistent with contributions from both oil and gas producing wells; (2) the emission rate of methane (27–57 × 103 kg methane h−1), extrapolated from the emission rate of benzene (4.1 ± 0.4 × 105 molecules cm−3 s−1), agrees with an independent estimate of methane emissions from aircraft measurements in 2012; and (3) calculated daily OH concentrations are low, peaking at 1 × 106 molecules cm−3, and are consistent with Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) modeling. The analysis is extended to photochemical production of oxygenated VOCs measured by PTR-MS and is able to explain daytime variability of these species. It is not able to completely reproduce nighttime behavior, possibly due to surface deposition. Using results from this analysis, the carbon mass of secondary compounds expected to have formed by the sixth day of the stagnation event was calculated, then compared to the measured mass of primary and secondary compounds. Only 17% of the expected secondary carbon mass is accounted for by gas phase, aerosol, and snow organic carbon measurements. The disparity is likely due to substantial amounts of unquantified oxygenated products.

scholarly journals Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds associated with oil and natural gas extraction in the Uintah Basin, UT, during a wintertime ozone formation event

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 6403-6444 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Koss ◽  
J. de Gouw ◽  
C. Warneke ◽  
J. B. Gilman ◽  
B. M. Lerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Gas Extraction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oil and natural gas extraction were measured during a strong temperature inversion in winter of 2013 at a rural site in the Uintah Basin, Utah. During this period, photochemistry enhanced by the stagnant meteorological conditions and concentrated VOCs led to high ozone mixing ratios (150 ppbv). A simple analysis of aromatic VOCs measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry (PTR-MS) is used to estimate (1) VOC emission ratios (the ratio of two VOCs at the time of emission) relative to benzene, (2) aromatic VOC emission rates, and (3) ambient OH radical concentrations. These quantities are determined from a best fit to VOC : benzene ratios as a function of time. The main findings are that (1) emission ratios are consistent with contributions from both oil and gas producing wells, (2) the emission rate of methane (27-57 × 103 kg methane h−1), extrapolated from the emission rate of benzene (4.1 ± 0.4 × 105 molecules cm−3 s−1), agrees with an independent estimate of methane emissions from aircraft measurements in 2012, and (3) calculated daily OH concentrations are low, peaking at 1× 106 molecules cm−3, and are consistent with Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) modeling. The analysis is extended to photochemical production of oxygenated VOCs measured by PTRMS and is able to explain daytime variability of these species. It is not able to completely reproduce nighttime behavior, possibly due to surface deposition. Using results from this analysis, the carbon mass of secondary compounds expected to have formed by the sixth day of the stagnation event was calculated, then compared to the measured mass of primary and secondary compounds. Only 17% of the expected secondary carbon mass is accounted for by gas phase, aerosol, and snow organic carbon measurements. The disparity is likely due to substantial amounts of unquantified oxygenated products.

scholarly journals The Use of Amberlite Adsorbents for Green Chromatography Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Juan-Peiró ◽  
Anne Bernhammer ◽  
Agustin Pastor ◽  
Miguel de la Guardia
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Volatile Organic

Passive samplers have been widely used for volatile organic compounds determination. Following the green chemistry tendency of the direct determination of adsorbed compounds in membrane-based devices through using head space direct chromatography analysis, this work has evaluated the use of Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4, and XAD-16 adsorbents as a filling material for passive samplers. Direct analysis of the membranes by HS-GC-MS involves a solvent-free method avoiding any sample treatment. For exposed membranes, recoveries ranged from 10% to 203%, depending on the compound and adsorbent used. The limit of the detection values ranged from 1 to 140 ng per sampler. Acceptable precision and sensitivity levels were obtained for the XAD resins assayed.

Corporations

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-182
Author(s):  
Danny M. Adkison ◽  
Lisa McNair Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Natural Gas Production ◽  
Motor Carriers ◽  
Cotton Gins ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Water Companies

This chapter examines Article IX of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the powers, limits, and regulation of corporations. The prodigious length of the article reflects the importance of corporations in the economic life of Oklahoma, and the determination of the framers to bring them under regulatory control, to the point of micromanagement. Concern about discriminatory rates charged by railroads and pipelines was foremost, but the authority conferred by Article IX is broad enough to allow the legislature to regulate a variety of other enterprises as well, including electric, gas, and water companies; oil and natural gas production; and conservation, cotton gins, motor carriers, telephone and telegraph lines; and even ice plants. The framers borrowed freely from the constitutions and statutes of other states—especially the Virginia constitution, the Texas constitution, and the Texas Railway Act—as models for Article IX. Whole sections were often copied verbatim. Moreover, often competing strains of waning Populism and rising Progressivism of the early 1900s pervade this article.

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