Perkembangan Ekspor dan Impor Sumatera Utara pada Tatanan Hidup Baru

The level of a province can be seen from its economic growth, seen from the aspect of the value of exports and imports which have an influence on a trade between provinces. After the occurrence of covid-19 which had a major impact on Indonesian trade and the global economy. As a result of the pandemic, there have been major changes in world trade patterns, such as the lockdown system implemented in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the development of exports and imports of North Sumatra Province through indicators of export and import values. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive data analysis. The source of data in this study is secondary data taken in (2016/2020) which is downloaded via www.bps.go.id, especially export and import data during the development of a new economic life order in North Sumatra Province. The results show that there is an increase that can be seen from the increase in the volume and value of imports and exports in a province, a decrease in the volume and value of imports and exports of imports, the development of a new economic order of life. With good economic growth, it will increase national income, the community will be prosperous in terms of the economy. In the last decade, exports continued to increase in 2021 to reach Rp. 13 trillion. Many studies have stated that in the past year, export-import cases have fluctuated during the COVID-19 period. And this pandemic has taught us the need to encourage export and import diversification, diversification of supplying countries and product destinations. produced in order to develop in a new life order. Keywords: Export, Import, New Era, Economic Growth

The battles of October in Moscow: Through Witness' Eyes

Публикуемый источник является отрывком из дневника депутата Московской городской Думы Н.П. Вишнякова (1844-1927). Автор лично не принимал участия в боевых действиях, но находился в самом эпицентре боевых действий между «красными» и «белыми», так как проживал с семьей в центре города. Именно эти события часто называют началом полноценной Гражданской войны. Его дневник отражает психологическое состояние мирного горожанина, оказавшегося заложником гражданского противостояния на улицах Москвы.Особый интерес представляют описания особенностей быта москвичей, циркулирующие среди них слухи, домыслы, их надежды и страхи, а также поведенческие стратегии различных социальных слоев. Особую ценность представляет то, что автор делал свои записи два-три раза в день, подробно фиксируя происходящее. Подобного рода источники крайне немногочисленны.Мемуарное и эпистолярное наследие Н.П. Вишнякова давно признано уникальным источником по истории общественно-политической, культурной и экономической жизни Москвы, но никогда не было опубликовано полностью. Лишь дважды публиковались небольшие отрывки.Данная публикация является частью работы по подготовке полного издания эпистолярного наследия Н.П. Вишнякова, который был вовлечен почти во все политические и экономические процессы Москвы времен правления императора Николая II. Он был депутатом (гласным) Московской Думы с 1873 по 1917 гг. с пятилетним перерывом в 1892--1897 гг., мировым судьей, известным ученым-геологом и краеведом.Для публикации были раскрыты многочисленные сокращения топонимов, а также расшифрованы индивидуальные, характерные для автора сокращения.Особую трудность представляет почерк Н.П. Вишнякова, подчас очень сложный для понимания и в отдельных случаях не поддающийся расшифровке.Эпистолярное наследия Н.П. Вишнякова весьма обширно, а сам дневник охватывает события с 1872 по 1918 гг. Published is an excerpt from a diary of N.P. Vishnyakov (1844–1927), a Moscow Duma deputy. Nikolay Petrovich has never personally participated in the events, but was in the epicenter of the October battles between the Red and the White movements, as he and his family lived in the centre of Moscow. Those events in particular are often referred to as the beginning of the real Civil War. His diary shows us the mental state of a peaceful citizen caught as a hostage during the civil confrontation on Moscow streets. Depicted are certain peculiarities of everyday life, rumors and doubts, hopes and fears of Moscovites, as well as behavioral strategies of different social groups.Most valuable is that the author made 2–3 diary entries a day, registering the events in details. Such sources are very few in number.N.P. Vishnyakov's memoirs and epistolary heritage have never before were fully published and were marked as a unique source on the history of political, cultural and economic life in Moscow between 1873--1918.This is a part of an upcoming publication of the complete texts of N.P. Vishnyakov's epistolary heritage. Nukolay Petrovich was fully engaged into almost every political and economical process in Moscow during the times of Nicholas II. He was a deputy of the Moscow Duma from 1873 to 1917, with a short break in 1892--1897, a magistrate judge, a well-known geology scientist and ethnographer.For this publication shorten forms of toponymies and some personalized abbreviations have been deciphered. It is sometimes very difficult to follow and understand N.P. Veshnyakov’s handwriting.

Vector Control and Modeling of Modular Multilevel High Voltage Converter for Rail Vehicle Traction

Rail transit plays an important role in the social and economic life of China and even all countries in the world, especially some populous countries or regions. The traction drive system of rail vehicle provides three-phase AC with adjustable voltage and frequency for the traction motor, controls the speed and torque of the traction motor, and then controls the operation of the vehicle. The modular multilevel converter has the advantages of low harmonic, good power quality of output waveform, high reliability, no input filtering and power compensation, and is suitable in the field of frequency conversion. In this work, the open-loop scalar control and vector closed-loop control of modular multi-level high-voltage inverter were adopted. It was found that driven by modular multi-level variable frequency vector control system, asynchronous motor not only has less harmonic content of voltage and current waveform, but also its speed regulation characteristics have been improved.

Socio-Economic Impact of the Interest-Free Community Investment Fund: A Case Study of Rural Sindh, Pakistan

This study aims to measure the impact of an intervention, the Community Investment Fund (CIF), on the socio-economic life of rural women. CIF is a community-managed fund aimed at improving the living standards of women by empowering them to undertake income-generating projects to become financially more stable and self-governed in the Khairpur, Shikarpur, Kandhkot-Kashmore and Jacobabad districts of Sindh, Pakistan. This study used a quasi-experimental design approach that involved two groups, i.e., the treatment group (beneficiaries) and control group (non-beneficiaries). The sample size of this study was 708 respondents including the treatment and control group. The results of comparison of mean indicate that there is a significant difference between treatment and control group in terms of socio-demographic variables (including monthly income and consumption, saving amount, total asset value, an asset purchased value and household diet) and women empowerment’s indicators, thereby suggesting that CIF has resulted in women empowerment. Concerning the results of the poverty scorecard, the higher graduation of beneficiaries (treatment group) asserts that the intervention of CIF has also a positive impact on targeted beneficiaries. In particular, the findings indicate that 72% of beneficiaries (treatment group) have graduated from one poverty band to another higher band compared to 59.4% of non-beneficiaries (control group) in poverty score. In addition, the findings of the logistic regression analysis confirmed that participation in the CIF program empowers women beneficiaries. This study will support policymakers to further improve CIF so that it can become more effective and sustainable.

Reverse Engineering im Spannungsfeld der Sonderschutzrechte

In implementation of Directive (EU) 2016/943, Section 3 (1) No. 2 GeschGehG (German Trade Secrets Act) explicitly legalizes reverse engineering for the first time in the history of German trade secrets law. Subject of this thesis is a comprehensive exploration of this new freedom of reverse engineering. To this end, the author develops a definition of reverse engineering that takes into account the reality of economic life. After a practice-oriented interpretation of Section 3 (1) No. 2 GeschGehG, its effects on the entire legal protection of entrepreneurial know-how are examined. The focus is on the effects on copyright, patent and unfair competition law. In this context, the author develops goal-oriented solutions to various unanswered legal questions.

Analysis of Gayo wine-coffee processing facility development

The Indonesian plantation sector plays an important role in the overall national economy. The development of coffee processing methods into a variety of products, including the relatively new product Gayo wine coffee, will provide added value for farmers. However, the main question that is often asked about relatively new ventures is how viable they are. Thus, a techno-economic analysis of Gayo wine-coffee processing facility development was aimed to answer how viable is the business to ensure sustainability. The results of this research are expected to add scientific information regarding the feasibility study of developing a sustainable Gayo wine-coffee processing facility. The research was conducted in Aceh Tengah District by conducting a comparative study to a micro-scale wine coffee producer in the location, the Syukran Kopi Wine processing facility. Analysis of the facility development was more focused on the technological and financial aspects. The research results considered that Aceh Tengah District is very suitable as a location for a wine coffee factory to minimize the purchasing costs. Moreover, the process of wine coffee production is more difficult than the process of common coffee production. However, the Gayo wine-coffee processing facility uses semi-modern technology like the common coffee processing facility. Besides, all financial indicators meet the financial feasibility criteria for five years economic life of the project. Sensitivity analysis also shows that in both scenarios, all financial indicators still meet the financial feasibility criteria, although decreasing the benefit make a higher impact on most values of the investment criteria than increasing the operational cost.

Your Money or Your Life

The pandemic offers numerous applications of very basic microeconomics concepts and their extension to other aspects of economic life. It also creates an opportunity for better understanding of how the market works and its effects on the economy and society. Allocation of a scarce resource is the definition of economics. There have been countless examples of scarcity (toilet paper, vaccines). How do we decide how to allocate those goods, especially when the market fails? The pandemic is a classic illustration of tradeoffs. In particular, there are tradeoffs between shutting (or re-opening) the economy and loss of human life; a rational decision would compare the costs and the benefits. Lastly, there are countless examples of the unequal economic effects of the virus and their implications for public policy.

Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Nigeria

The chapter assesses the nature and effects of climate change on sustainable development in Nigeria. It observes that climate change has a multifarious effect not only on the environment but also on the socio-economic life of the people. Therefore, if sustainable development is to be realized in the country, climate change should be properly managed through extant public policies. However, if government track records on policies and program implementations is anything to go by, the future of sustainable development is gloomy. This makes an interrogation of the interface between climate change and sustainable development germane. The chapter observes that while government has shown willingness to manage climate change for the sustainability of the environment and its people, certain limitations stand on its path. These include poor policy or program implementation, inadequate funding of climate change management, poor sensitization program on environment management, among others. However, there are opportunities that can be harvested at the state and individual levels.