scholarly journals Memory modulated saliency: A computational model of the incremental learning of target locations in visual search

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Dziemianko ◽  
Frank Keller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Incremental Learning ◽  
Target Locations

Speakers construct reference based on listeners’ expected visual search

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Jara-Ettinger ◽  
Paula Rubio-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Quantitative Accuracy ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Acceptability Judgments

A foundational assumption of human communication is that speakers ought to say as much as necessary, but no more. How speakers determine what is necessary in a given context, however, is unclear. In studies of referential communication, this expectation is often formalized as the idea that speakers should construct reference by selecting the shortest, sufficiently informative, description. Here we propose that reference production is, instead, a process whereby speakers adopt listeners’ perspectives to facilitate their visual search, without concern for utterance length. We show that a computational model of our proposal predicts graded acceptability judgments with quantitative accuracy, systematically outperforming brevity models. Our model also explains crosslinguistic differences in speakers’ propensity to over-specify in different visual contexts. Our findings suggest that reference production is best understood as driven by a cooperative goal to help the listener understand the intended message, rather than by an egocentric effort to minimize utterance length.

scholarly journals A computational model for task inference in visual search

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Haji-Abolhassani ◽  
J. J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model

scholarly journals Working-memory capacity predicts the executive control of visual search among distractors: The influences of sustained and selective attention

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1430-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Poole ◽  
Michael J. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Span Tasks ◽  
Target Locations

Variation in working-memory capacity (WMC) predicts individual differences in only some attention-control capabilities. Whereas higher WMC subjects outperform lower WMC subjects in tasks requiring the restraint of prepotent but inappropriate responses, and the constraint of attentional focus to target stimuli against distractors, they do not differ in prototypical visual-search tasks, even those that yield steep search slopes and engender top-down control. The present three experiments tested whether WMC, as measured by complex memory span tasks, would predict search latencies when the 1–8 target locations to be searched appeared alone, versus appearing among distractor locations to be ignored, with the latter requiring selective attentional focus. Subjects viewed target-location cues and then fixated on those locations over either long (1,500–1,550 ms) or short (300 ms) delays. Higher WMC subjects identified targets faster than did lower WMC subjects only in the presence of distractors and only over long fixation delays. WMC thus appears to affect subjects’ ability to maintain a constrained attentional focus over time.

scholarly journals Involvement of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Monkeys in Visuospatial Target Selection

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Iba ◽  
Toshiyuki Sawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Reversible Inactivation ◽  
Correct Performance ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Target Locations

To examine the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in visuospatial target selection, we induced local, reversible inactivation with muscimol at various sites in the dorsolateral PFC of two rhesus monkeys while they performed oculomotor visual search (OVS) and oculomotor detection (OD) tasks. The OVS task required the subject to select a target stimulus from among distractors and to make a saccade to the target location (target selection was required for correct performance), whereas the OD task only required a saccade to the target (target selection was not required for correct performance). The local injection of muscimol (5 μg, 1 μl) into the dorsolateral PFC induced a specific deficit in the OVS task but not in the OD task. The deficit in the OVS task was characterized by the disordering of saccades for some (mostly a few) particular target locations as well as by prolongation of the time required for the visual search in most cases. The target locations affected by muscimol were biased to the contralateral visual field. Further, the OVS task with “pop-out” and “non-pop-out” conditions was similarly impaired by muscimol injection. These results suggest that the dorsolateral PFC plays a role in target selection in visual space to guide goal-directed motor acts and particular sites are involved in target selection for a particular visuospatial coordinate. Further, this function of the dorsolateral PFC appears to involve both top-down (active) and bottom-up (passive) target-selection/selective attention processes to control interfering information (distractors).

scholarly journals Predicting Search Performance in Heterogeneous Scenes: Quantifying the Impact of Homogeneity Effects in Efficient Search

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Lleras ◽  
Zhiyuan Wang ◽  
Anna Madison ◽  
Simona Buetti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Real World ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Efficient Search ◽  
The Impact

Recently, Wang, Buetti and Lleras (2017) developed an equation to predict search performance in heterogeneous visual search scenes (i.e., multiple types of non-target objects simultaneously present) based on parameters observed when participants perform search in homogeneous scenes (i.e., when all non-target objects are identical to one another). The equation was based on a computational model where every item in the display is processed with unlimited capacity and independently of one another, with the goal of determining whether the item is likely to be a target or not. The model was tested in two experiments using real-world objects. Here, we extend those findings by testing the predictive power of the equation to simpler objects. Further, we compare the model’s performance under two stimulus arrangements: spatially-intermixed (items randomly placed around the scene) and spatially-segregated displays (identical items presented near each other). This comparison allowed us to isolate and quantify the facilitatory effect of processing displays that contain identical items (homogeneity facilitation), a factor that improves performance in visual search above-and-beyond target-distractor dissimilarity. The results suggest that homogeneity facilitation effects in search arise from local item-to-item interaction (rather than by rejecting items as “groups”) and that the strength of those interactions might be determined by stimulus complexity (with simpler stimuli producing stronger interactions and thus, stronger homogeneity facilitation effects).

Local Contextual Cuing in Visual Search

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Hoffmann ◽  
Albrecht Sebald
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Contextual Cuing ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Target Locations

Abstract. Previous research has indicated that covariations between the global layout of search displays and target locations result in contextual cuing: the global context guides attention to probable target locations. The present experiments extend these findings by showing that local redundancies also facilitate visual search. Participants searched for randomly located targets in invariant homogenous displays, i.e., the global context provided information neither about the location nor about the identity of the target. The only redundancy referred to spatial relations between the targets and certain distractors: Two of the distractors were frequently presented next to the targets. In four of five experiments, targets with frequent flankers were detected faster than targets with rare flankers. The data suggest that this local contextual cuing does not depend on awareness of the redundant local topography but needs the redundantly related stimuli to be attended to.

scholarly journals Predicting Visual Search Task Success from Eye Gaze Data as a Basis for User-Adaptive Information Visualization Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Moritz Spiller ◽  
Ying-Hsang Liu ◽  
Md Zakir Hossain ◽  
Tom Gedeon ◽  
Julia Geissler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Information Visualization ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Visualization Systems ◽  
Information Visualizations

Information visualizations are an efficient means to support the users in understanding large amounts of complex, interconnected data; user comprehension, however, depends on individual factors such as their cognitive abilities. The research literature provides evidence that user-adaptive information visualizations positively impact the users’ performance in visualization tasks. This study attempts to contribute toward the development of a computational model to predict the users’ success in visual search tasks from eye gaze data and thereby drive such user-adaptive systems. State-of-the-art deep learning models for time series classification have been trained on sequential eye gaze data obtained from 40 study participants’ interaction with a circular and an organizational graph. The results suggest that such models yield higher accuracy than a baseline classifier and previously used models for this purpose. In particular, a Multivariate Long Short Term Memory Fully Convolutional Network shows encouraging performance for its use in online user-adaptive systems. Given this finding, such a computational model can infer the users’ need for support during interaction with a graph and trigger appropriate interventions in user-adaptive information visualization systems. This facilitates the design of such systems since further interaction data like mouse clicks is not required.

Spatial Layout of Displayed Information: Three Steps toward Developing Quantitative Models

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Vincow ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Complex Integration ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Simple Integration

Subjects viewed a series of alphanumeric tables containing information regarding the attributes (cost, amount, etc.) of different objects (utilities such as gas and electricity). They answered questions that required them to locate specific pieces of information in the table, perform simple integration between pieces, or complex integration (division, multiplication), and information for questions was either located within a table panel (close separation) or between panels (distant separation). The table was either organized by objects within attributes, or attributes within objects. Table organization had no effect on response time or accuracy. However, accuracy suffered with increased separation, but only for the complex integration questions, a finding that implicates the interference between visual search and the working memory demands of information integration. A computational model of the mental operations required for task performance accounted for 69% of the variance in response time, and provides a useful basis for developing more elaborate models of display layout.

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