Severe-to-Fatal Injury Risks in Crashes With Two Front-Seat Occupants by Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.

Download Full-text

Environmental and Psychosocial Factors Affecting Seat Belt Use Among Turkish Front-Seat Occupants in Ankara: Two Observation Studies

Traffic Injury Prevention ◽

10.1080/15389580801966508 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 264-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Özlem Şimşekoĝlu ◽

Timo Lajunen

Keyword(s):

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Front Seat ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Seat Belt Use

Download Full-text

Effective Factors of Seat-Belt Use in front Seat Passenger on Urban Trips of Bushehr: Application of Protection Motivation Theory

10.30699/ijhehp.7.2.220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 220-230

Author(s):

Nahid Soltani ◽

Rahim Tahmasebi ◽

Sahar Haghighatjoo ◽

Azita Noroozi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seat Belt ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Front Seat ◽

Effective Factors ◽

Seat Belt Use

Download Full-text

Compliance with Seat Belt Use in Benin City, Nigeria

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x00005495 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 16-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Pius Ehiawaguan Iribhogbe ◽

Clement Odigie Osime

Keyword(s):

Road Traffic ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Compliance Rate ◽

Rear Seat ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Front Seat ◽

Road Traffic Crashes ◽

Benin City ◽

Seat Belt Use

AbstractIntroduction:Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A quarter of all fatalities due to injury occur due to road traffic crashes with 90% of the fatalities occurring in low- and medium-income countries. Poor compliance with the use of seat belts is a problem in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of seatbelt compliance in motor vehicles in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods:A five-day, observational study was conducted in strategic locations in Benin City. The compliance rates of drivers, front seat passengers, and rear seat passengers in the various categories of vehicles were evaluated, and the data were subjected to statistical processing using the Program for Epidemiology.Results:A total of 369 vehicles were observed. This consisted of 172 private cars, 64 taxis, 114 buses, 15 trucks, and four other vehicles. The seat belt compliance rate for drivers was 52.3%, front seat passengers 18.4%, and rear seat passengers 6.1%. Drivers of all categories of vehicles were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers (p = 0.000) and rear seat passengers (p = 0.000). Drivers of private cars were more likely to use seat belts compared to taxi drivers (p = 0.000) and bus drivers (p = 0.000). Front seat passengers in private cars were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Rear seat pas-sengers in private cars also were more likely to use seat belts compared to rear seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000).Conclusions:Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City is low. Legislation, educational campaigns, and enforcement of seat belt use are needed.

Download Full-text

The Influence of Age on the Forces Produced During Normal Seat Belt Buckling

ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference ◽

10.1115/sbc2007-175551 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irving S. Scher ◽

Douglas E. Young ◽

Doris Trachtman

Keyword(s):

Seat Belt ◽

Age Groups ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Front Seat ◽

Secondary Use ◽

Back Seat ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Younger Age ◽

Left And Right ◽

Seat Belt Use

Historically, the observed seat belt usage rate for occupants has varied across a number of factors (e.g., primary or secondary use law, seat location, etc.). Of these factors, the age of the driver or occupant has been consistently noted as an important characteristic that is linked to the use of the seat belt. For example, the seat belt use rate for drivers and front seat passengers in the U.S. in 2002 was estimated to be over 70% for adults [1] but over 10% less for pre-teens [2] and teenagers [3], which are generally less than 60%. This discrepancy between younger age groups and adults has been reported in several states across the country [2–5]. Eby et al. [4] reported that individuals 4–15 years old, seated in the second and third rows, wore seat belts about 50% of the time in the left and right positions. In a separate four-state observational study of teenage and older occupants by Womack et al. [6], teen seat belt use in the back seats was only 10.9%. Together, these studies indicate pre-teen and teenagers wear seat belts less frequently than comparable adult cohorts, and that they will be even less likely to wear a seat belt when they are located in the back seat positions.

Download Full-text

ASSESSMENT OF MOTORISTS’ COMPLIANCE TO SEAT BELT REGULATION IN NIGERIA

International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research ◽

10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i3.2018.189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 166-180

Author(s):

Dike Declan ◽

Akponye Magnus C. ◽

Nze Ibeawuchi

Keyword(s):

Seat Belt ◽

Front Seat ◽

Traffic Crashes ◽

The Road ◽

Direct Observations ◽

Port Harcourt ◽

Articulated Vehicle ◽

Table Analysis ◽

Seat Belt Use ◽

On The Road

The work is an attempt to assess the level of compliance by motorists to seat belt regulation in Nigeria. Specifically it evaluates the seat belts usage rates along Enugu- Port Harcourt, ENUPHC and Port Harcourt- Enugu, PHC-ENU traffic corridors based on vehicle type and front seat occupants. Data was collected from two sites at Osisioma junction in Aba Abia state, Nigeria by direct observations at designated points. The findings of the observation were treated with percentage analysis where each category of vehicle is treated separately with percentage table analysis. Results on the road side observation survey of seat belt use revealed that wearing seat belt along Enugu- Port Harcourt, ENU-PHC and Port Harcourt- Enugu, PHC-ENU traffic corridor is very low. The overall wearing rate for the aforementioned routes was 24.8%, 26.0% and 23.8% for all occupants, drivers and front seat passengers respectively. It is concluded that the overall wearing rates were consistently higher for drivers than for front seat passengers in most vehicle categories and routes sampled. Thus we recommend that the enforcement officials pay close attention to taxis, buses, luxury buses, pickup/vans, trucks and articulated vehicle occupants who tend to significantly show lower seat belt use since this can save more lives when these types of vehicles get involved in traffic crashes.

Download Full-text

Accommodating Taste and Scale Heterogeneity for Front-Seat Passenger’ Choice of Seat Belt Usage

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math9050460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 460 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mahdi Rezapour ◽

Khaled Ksaibati

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Model Fit ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Extended Model ◽

Random Parameters ◽

Front Seat ◽

Scale Heterogeneity ◽

Error Terms ◽

The Cost

There is growing interest in implementation of the mixed model to account for heterogeneity across population observations. However, it has been argued that the assumption of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) error terms might not be realistic, and for some observations the scale of the error is greater than others. Consequently, that might result in the error terms’ scale to be varied across those observations. As the standard mixed model could not account for the aforementioned attribute of the observations, extended model, allowing for scale heterogeneity, has been proposed to relax the equal error terms across observations. Thus, in this study we extended the mixed model to the model with heterogeneity in scale, or generalized multinomial logit model (GMNL), to see if accounting for the scale heterogeneity, by adding more flexibility to the distribution, would result in an improvement in the model fit. The study used the choice data related to wearing seat belt across front-seat passengers in Wyoming, with all attributes being individual-specific. The results highlighted that although the effect of the scale parameter was significant, the scale effect was trivial, and accounting for the effect at the cost of added parameters would result in a loss of model fit compared with the standard mixed model. Besides considering the standard mixed and the GMNL, the models with correlated random parameters were considered. The results highlighted that despite having significant correlation across the majority of the random parameters, the goodness of fits favors more parsimonious models with no correlation. The results of this study are specific to the dataset used in this study, and due to the possible fact that the heterogeneity in observations related to the front-seat passengers seat belt use might not be extreme, and do not require extra layer to account for the scale heterogeneity, or accounting for the scale heterogeneity at the cost of added parameters might not be required. Extensive discussion has been made in the content of this paper about the model parameters’ estimations and the mathematical formulation of the methods.

Download Full-text