Compliance with Seat Belt Use in Benin City, Nigeria

AbstractIntroduction:Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A quarter of all fatalities due to injury occur due to road traffic crashes with 90% of the fatalities occurring in low- and medium-income countries. Poor compliance with the use of seat belts is a problem in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of seatbelt compliance in motor vehicles in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods:A five-day, observational study was conducted in strategic locations in Benin City. The compliance rates of drivers, front seat passengers, and rear seat passengers in the various categories of vehicles were evaluated, and the data were subjected to statistical processing using the Program for Epidemiology.Results:A total of 369 vehicles were observed. This consisted of 172 private cars, 64 taxis, 114 buses, 15 trucks, and four other vehicles. The seat belt compliance rate for drivers was 52.3%, front seat passengers 18.4%, and rear seat passengers 6.1%. Drivers of all categories of vehicles were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers (p = 0.000) and rear seat passengers (p = 0.000). Drivers of private cars were more likely to use seat belts compared to taxi drivers (p = 0.000) and bus drivers (p = 0.000). Front seat passengers in private cars were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Rear seat pas-sengers in private cars also were more likely to use seat belts compared to rear seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000).Conclusions:Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City is low. Legislation, educational campaigns, and enforcement of seat belt use are needed.

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Warning signs to fasten seat belts result in higher rates of rear seat belt use in rideshare vehicles

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181319631515 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 2046-2050

Author(s):

Kenneth Nemire

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Rear Seat ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Future Research ◽

Warning Sign ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Front Seat ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.

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Evaluating Seat Belt Use in Lebanon (1997-2017)

The Open Public Health Journal ◽

10.2174/1874944501912010127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 127-135

Author(s):

Ziad Akl ◽

Mona Akl ◽

Charli Eriksson ◽

Mervyn Gifford ◽

Dalal Koustuv

Keyword(s):

Significant Contribution ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Seat Belts ◽

The Past ◽

Seat Belt Use ◽

Nonfatal Injuries ◽

Very High

Introduction:The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes.Aim:The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon.Design:Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017.Results:The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed.Discussion:The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems.Conclusion:During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law.The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education.

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Estimating the Effect of Standard Enforcement of a Rear Seat Belt Law for Rear Seat Fatality Prevention

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118790131 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (33) ◽

pp. 67-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel J. Findley ◽

Morgan Sanchez ◽

Timothy Nye

Keyword(s):

Injury Severity ◽

Reporting System ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Rear Seat ◽

Previous Literature ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Vehicle Collisions ◽

Practice Standard ◽

Seat Belt Use

Data were collected from the NHTSA’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System to analyze the link between primary enforcement of rear seat belt use and injury severity in fatal vehicle collisions. Specifically, this study predicted the amount of fatalities that may have been prevented had there been standard enforcement of a rear seat belt law in effect. Previous literature concludes that increasing seat belt use will decrease injury severity in collisions and the primary enforcement of seat belts laws will increase seat belt use by approximately 14%. This study recorded and compared the number of rear seat fatalities in states that did and did not have primary enforcement laws for rear seat occupants. The results indicated that, on average, for every properly restrained rear seat fatality there are 0.45 more rear seat fatalities in states without primary enforcement than states with primary enforcement. It also predicts that the states that do not practice standard seat belt enforcement could have seen approximately 772 to 1,032 fatalities prevented from 2011 to 2015, had there been primary rear seat belt enforcement. This corresponds to an estimated national crash cost savings of $8.6 billion, or $1.7 billion annually.

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The Influence of Age on the Forces Produced During Normal Seat Belt Buckling

ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference ◽

10.1115/sbc2007-175551 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irving S. Scher ◽

Douglas E. Young ◽

Doris Trachtman

Keyword(s):

Seat Belt ◽

Age Groups ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Front Seat ◽

Secondary Use ◽

Back Seat ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Younger Age ◽

Left And Right ◽

Seat Belt Use

Historically, the observed seat belt usage rate for occupants has varied across a number of factors (e.g., primary or secondary use law, seat location, etc.). Of these factors, the age of the driver or occupant has been consistently noted as an important characteristic that is linked to the use of the seat belt. For example, the seat belt use rate for drivers and front seat passengers in the U.S. in 2002 was estimated to be over 70% for adults [1] but over 10% less for pre-teens [2] and teenagers [3], which are generally less than 60%. This discrepancy between younger age groups and adults has been reported in several states across the country [2–5]. Eby et al. [4] reported that individuals 4–15 years old, seated in the second and third rows, wore seat belts about 50% of the time in the left and right positions. In a separate four-state observational study of teenage and older occupants by Womack et al. [6], teen seat belt use in the back seats was only 10.9%. Together, these studies indicate pre-teen and teenagers wear seat belts less frequently than comparable adult cohorts, and that they will be even less likely to wear a seat belt when they are located in the back seat positions.

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Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931213601896 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 1644-1648 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenneth Nemire

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Seat Belt ◽

The United States ◽

Rear Seat ◽

The Other ◽

Future Research ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Two Cities ◽

Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.

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Rear seat belt use in the United Arab Emirates

Policy and Practice in Health and Safety ◽

10.1080/14773996.2018.1560990 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Salaheddine Bendak ◽

Sara S. Alnaqbi

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Rear Seat ◽

Seat Belt Use

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Severe-to-Fatal Injury Risks in Crashes With Two Front-Seat Occupants by Seat Belt Use

Traffic Injury Prevention ◽

10.1080/15389581003788898 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 294-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David C. Viano ◽

Chantal S. Parenteau

Keyword(s):

Seat Belt ◽

Front Seat ◽

Fatal Injury ◽

Seat Belt Use

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Use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru: Prevalence and risk factors

10.1101/2020.10.01.20205435 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Armando Miñan-Tapia ◽

Gloria S. Torres-Riveros ◽

José Choque-Vargas ◽

Madeleyni Aycachi-Incacoña ◽

Neil Flores-Valdez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Public Transport ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Linear Models ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Seat Belts ◽

Intervention Measures

AbstractIntroductionThere are individuals who still refuse to wear seat belts, despite its effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in road traffic accidents. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors according to the use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru.MethodologyThis analytical transversal study was carried out among public transport drivers (buses and taxis) in a Peruvian city. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the general and occupational characteristics and the use of seat belts (observed). Descriptive statistics and risk factors were obtained, these latter through generalized linear models.ResultsOf the 460 drivers, 77% used their seat belts, with a difference in use depending on the type of public transport (p<0.001). In the multivariate model, the risk of not using the belt was associated with the following: older age (p<0.001), having complete studies (p<0.001), a higher level/category of driving license (3 categories had p<0.001), having a higher number of previous road traffic accidents (p=0.011), and received medical attention in that accident (p<0.001), those who reported using a cell phone while driving (p=0.005), if the co-driver’s belt had 3 anchorage points (p<0.001), and working for > 5 hours that day (p=0.002). However, male drivers and those who had their belt with 3 anchorage points had greater use (both p<0.001).ConclusionsOne in five drivers did not use a seat belt, and important characteristics of those who did not comply with this traffic law were evaluated to generate control and intervention measures.

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