corral: Single-cell RNA-seq dimension reduction, batch integration, and visualization with correspondence analysis

Effective dimension reduction is an essential step in analysis of single cell RNA-seq(scRNAseq) count data, which are high-dimensional, sparse, and noisy. Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used in analytical pipelines, and since PCA requires continuous data, it is often coupled with log-transformation in scRNAseq applications. However, log-transformation of scRNAseq counts distorts the data, and can obscure meaningful variation. We describe correspondence analysis (CA) for dimension reduction of scRNAseq data, which is a performant alternative to PCA.Designed for use with counts, CA is based on decomposition of a chi-squared residual matrix and does not require log-transformation of scRNAseq counts. We extend beyond standard CA (decomposition of Pearson residuals computed on the contingency table) and propose variations of CA, including an alternative chi-squared statistic, that address overdispersion and high sparsity in scRNAseq data. The performance of five variations of CA and standard CA are benchmarked on 10 datasets and compared to glmPCA. CA variations are fast, scalable, and outperforms standard CA and glmPCA, to compute embeddings with more performant or comparable clustering accuracy in 8 out of 9 datasets. Of the variations we considered,CA using the Freeman-Tukey chi-squared residual was most performant overall in scRNAseq data. Our analyses also showed that variance stabilizing transformations applied in conjunction with standard CA (using Pearson residuals) and the use of power deflation smoothing both improve performance in downstream clustering tasks, as compared to standard CA alone. CA has advantages including visual illustration of associations between genes and cell populations in a 'CA biplot' and easy extension to multi-table analysis enabling integrative dimension reduction. We introduce corralm, a CA-based method for multi-table batch integration of scRNAseq data in shared latent space, and we propose a new approach for assessing batch integration. We implement CA for scRNAseq in the corral R/Bioconductor package(https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/corral) that interfaces directly with widely used single cell classes in Bioconductor, allowing for easy integration into scRNAseq pipelines.

On the magnitude, frequency, and nature of marriage dissolution in Italy: insights from vital statistics and life-table analysis

Legal separation is a crucial step in the dissolving of marriages in Italy. Marriage and legal separation data come from administrative data sources and have been part of the civil registration and vital statistics system for a long time. These data make it possible to constantly monitor evolution of marital unions formation and dissolution over time and space. This study highlights the potential of combining administrative data at a macro level, aggregated by selected characteristics of the marriage and of the spouses. Data collection on legal separations is a complex process that brings together records from different administrative sources that have different transmission procedures. The system has rapidly evolved in recent years because of important normative changes. Pooling the two exhaustive data sources on marriages and separations we calculate duration-specific separation rates by selected spouses’ and wedding characteristics and estimate survival curves for 1975 marriage cohorts onward. Although the propensity to separate is increasing across marriage cohorts, the most recent first-marriage cohorts—those celebrated since the beginning of the new millennium—show a decreasing tendency to separate after short marriage durations. The most fragile unions are those celebrated in a civil ceremony in the north of Italy and that choose the separation of property regime. Couples in which the bride is more educated than the groom show a higher risk of separating. Differences by geographical area and celebration rite tend to reduce over time. This study contributes to existing information about the propensity to separate in Italy and the role that some characteristics of weddings and spouses play. It shows the potential for integrating information from marriage and separation registers when dealing with a relatively rare phenomenon at the population level and with information not usually collected in social surveys.

PENGARUH BLENDED LEARNING BERBASIS COOPERATIVE LEARNING PADA PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK USIA DINI

The blended learning model based on cooperative learning can be an alternative in developing early childhood cognitive, using a variety of interesting activities so that children are able to solve problems creatively. This study aims to analyze the significance of the effect of the cooperative learning-based blended learning model on the cognitive development of children aged 3-4 years. The method used in this study is Pre-experimental with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This research was carried out at KB Al Hikmah, Cengkong Village, Parengan District, Tuban Regency. The time to carry out this research is on 25-27 February 2021. The population in this study amounted to 18 children. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling. The data collection technique of this research used observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used table analysis, non-parametric uni analysis and simple linear regression test. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of the blended learning model based on cooperative learning on the cognitive development of children aged 3-4 years before being given blended learning activities and after being given blended learning activities.

Strategi Optimalisasi Media Sosial Melalui Konten Humor dalam Peningkatan Penjualan Produk UMKM Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi Kasus Pada Toko Sikece)

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi yang dapat diaplikasikan pada UMKM Toko Sikece dan untuk menyusun strategi pemasaran pada UMKM Toko Sikece dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan Internal Resources Based, Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA), framework Value Rarity Imitability Organization (VRIO) dan tabel Threats Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths (TOWS). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa strategi yang tepat untuk penetration share yaitu dengan meningkatkan penjualan dengan strategi promosi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan penjulan pada toko sikece. Kata kunci: strategi promosi, penjualan, penetration share, internal based resourcesAbstractThis study aims to find out the strategy applied to UMKM Toko Sikece and to compile UMKM Toko Sikece marketing strategy with qualitative descriptive research method. The collected data processed with Internal Resources Based, Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) framework Value Rarity Imitability Organization (VRIO) and table analysis Threats Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths (TOWS). The result of study indicate that proper strategy for penetration share is increasing sales and promotion strategy. The result of this study expected to increase sales on Toko Sikece. Keywords: promotion strategy, sales, penetration share, internal based resources.

A review on signal generation techniques in radio over fiber systems

In this paper a review on different signal generation techniques for Radio over Fiber systems is presented. Radio over fiber has become a conspicuous contender in upcoming high data rate demands from household and enterprises users. Radio signals or waves can be generated back from optical signals at RAU (radio access unit) so that they may be transmitted to mobile stations. This generation is first assembled into different categories on the basis of some similar parameters, various aspects of each category are given and then a comparison between different aspect of each technique is summarized in table. Analysis of these techniques on the basis of ranges of radio frequencies that can be generated is also proposed in this paper.

Transitions of disability, disability-free life expectancy and health insurance among adults aged 50 and older in Mexico: a multistate life table analysis

ObjectivesTo analyse the transitions of disability onset and recovery, estimate life expectancy (LE) with and without disability and explore the relation between insurance and disability patterns in the population aged 50+ in Mexico.DesignMultistate life table analysis of data from a longitudinal cohort survey.SettingData came from the Mexican Health and Aging Study, a longitudinal and representative survey of older adults in Mexico.Participants10 651 individuals aged 50+ interviewed in 2012 and 2015, including those who died between waves.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDisability is measured using the activities of daily living (ADL) scale. Transition rates between disability free, ADL disabled and death were employed to estimate total life expectancy (TLE) and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE).Results46% of the individuals who reported an ADL limitation in 2012 recover from disability by 2015. TLE at age 60 for people without ADL limitations is 30 years (95% CI 28.9 to 31), out of which 4.7 years (95% CI 4.1 to 5.4) are lived with ADL limitations, while TLE at age 60 in the initially disabled is 18.7 years (95% CI 17.3 to 20), with 9.4 years (95% CI 8.4 to 10.3) lived with disability. DFLE at age 60 in people with social security is 24.2 years (95% CI 23.3 to 25.2), in people with public insurance is 24.6 years (95% CI 23.7 to 25.4) and in uninsured people is 26.9 years (95% CI 25.9 to 27.9).ConclusionsIn Mexico, a substantial proportion of ADL disabled individuals recover from disability. Nevertheless, initially disabled individuals have a considerably lower DFLE regardless of age when compared with initially active individuals. There appeared to be no differences in terms of disability and LEs between the individuals with social security and public insurance.

The Nature of Fear Among Farmers Working with Animal Production

In this article, we investigate the nature of fear among farmers working with animal production with particular focus on the impact of harassment and crimes linked to animal rights activism. The study is based on responses from 3815 animal farmers to a national survey in 2020 in Sweden. Cross-table analysis and logistic regression models underlie the methodology of the study. Findings show that three out of ten of those farmers feel afraid of being victimized by the actions of animal rights activists; the proportion is two-thirds among farmers with previous experience of victimization, and fear of victimization varies across Sweden and by type of activity. Perceived lack of support from the police, exacerbated by geographical isolation, are common determinants of farmers’ declared fear, particularly those whose families live on the farms and who have employees. While understanding the factors that affect farmers’ safety perceptions is important, the article ends by calling for further research on the ways by which fear of animal activism impacts farmers’ personal lives, those of their family and employees, and not least their livelihood.

Uncertainty, Possibility, and Causal Power in QCA

Uncertainty undermines causal claims; however, the nature of causal claims decides what counts as relevant uncertainty. Empirical robustness is imperative in regularity theories of causality. Regularity theory features strongly in QCA, making its case sensitivity a weakness. Following qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) founder Charles Ragin’s emphasis on ontological realism, this article suggests causality as a power and thus breaks with the ontological determinism of regularity theories. Exercising causal powers makes it possible for human agents to achieve an outcome but does not determine that they will. The article explains how QCA’s truth table analysis “models” possibilistic uncertainty and how crisp sets do this better than fuzzy sets. Causal power is at the heart of critical realist philosophy of science. Like Ragin, critical realism suggests empirical analysis as merely describing underlying causal relationships. Empirical statements must be substantively interpreted into causal claims. The article is critical of “empiricist” QCA that infers causality from the robustness of set relationships.