The role of attention during retrieval in working-memory span: A dual-task study

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karl Healey ◽  
Akira Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Operation Span ◽  
Target Words

We tested the hypothesis that retrieving target words in operation span (OSpan) involves attention-demanding processes. Participants completed the standard OSpan task and a modified version in which all equations preceded all target words. Recall took place under either full attention or easy versus hard divided-attention conditions. Recall suffered under divided attention with the recall decrement being greater for the hard secondary task. Moreover, secondary-task performance was disrupted more by the standard OSpan task than by the modified version with the hard secondary task showing the larger decrement. Finally, the time taken to start recalling the first word was considerably longer for the standard version than for the modified version. These results are consistent with the proposal that successful OSpan task performance in part involves the attention-demanding retrieval of targets from long-term memory.

The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span

1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hulme ◽  
Steven Roodenrys ◽  
Gordon Brown ◽  
Robin Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Memory Span ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Patel ◽  
Reza Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Global Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Kinase C

Abstract Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.

scholarly journals HYPERMNESIA EUPHORIA OR ANY OTHER DESIRABLE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CONSUMER, A PSYCHOTROPIC EFFECT - FIRST AND LEADING ELEMENT IN THE OCCURRENCE AND PRESERVATION OF THE BODY’S DEPENDENCE ON PSYCHOACTIVE FACTORS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
D G Baitubayev ◽  
M D Baitubayeva
Keyword(s):  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Vegetative Nervous System ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Psychotropic Effect

The work shows the role of the vegetative nervous system (VNS) in the functioning of long-term memory, identity mechanisms of long-term memory in the human evolutionary adaptation and substance dependence. It is shown that, depending on the substance of the body are states like pro- gressive adaptation, that the bodycondition, depending on the chemical and psychogenic psychoactive- factors state of the same circle. It proposed the creation of a branch of medicine that combines study of the dependence of the organism, both on the chemical and psychoactive psychogenic factors. Given the classification of psychoactive factors.Onomastics formulated definitions of terminology changes and additions to be used in a new branch of medicine. Proposed allocation of the International Classifica- tion of diseases separate chapter for the classification of states like progressive adaptation of the body depending on psychoactive factors.

scholarly journals Dual Role of an mps-2/KCNE-Dependent Pathway in Long-Term Memory and Age-Dependent Memory Decline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bank G. Fenyves ◽  
Andreas Arnold ◽  
Vaibhav G. Gharat ◽  
Carmen Haab ◽  
Kiril Tishinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dual Role ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Long-term memory span

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Nairne ◽  
Ian Neath
Keyword(s):  
Memory Span ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Magical Number ◽  
Capacity Limit

Cowan assumes that chunk-based capacity limits are synonymous with the essence of a “specialized STM mechanism.” In a single experiment, we measured the capacity, or span, of long-term memory and found that it, too, corresponds roughly to the magical number 4. The results imply that a chunk-based capacity limit is not a signature characteristic of remembering over the short-term.

Memory for Related and Unrelated Words: Further Evidence on the Influence of Semantic Factors in Immediate Serial Recall

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Poirier ◽  
Jean Saint-Aubin
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Homogeneous Condition ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Serial Recall

A number of recent studies have explored the role of long-term memory factors in memory span tasks. The effects of lexicality, frequency, imageability, and word class have been investigated. The work reported in this paper examined the effect of semantic organization on the recall of short lists of words. Specifically, the influence of semantic category on immediate serial recall and the interaction of this variable with articulatory suppression was investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1 compared immediate serial recall performance when lists comprising items from the same semantic category were used (homogeneous condition) with a situation where lists held items from different semantic categories. Experiment 2 examined the same conditions with and without articulatory suppression during item presentation, and Experiment 3 reproduced these conditions with suppression occurring throughout presentation and recall. Results of all three experiments showed a clear advantage for the homogeneous condition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the homogeneous category advantage did not depend on the articulatory loop. Furthermore, error analysis indicated that this effect was mainly attributable to better item information recall for the homogeneous condition. These results are interpreted as reflecting a long-term memory contribution to the recall stage of immediate serial recall tasks.

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