In recent decades, there has been a very rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes globally,
with serious health and economic implications. Although today there are several therapeutic treatments
for this disease, these do not address the causes of the disease and have serious side effects, so it
is necessary to seek new treatments to replace or complement the existing ones. Among these complementary
treatments, a strong link between the intestinal microbiota and diabetes has been demonstrated,
which has focused attention on the use of biotherapy to regulate the function of the intestinal microbiota
and, thus, treat diabetes. In this way, the main objective of this work is to provide a review of
the latest scientific evidence on diabetes, gathering information about new trends in its management,
and especially, the influence of the intestinal microbiota and microbiome on this pathology. It is possible
to conclude that the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and diabetes is carried out
through alterations in energy metabolism, the immune system, changes in intestinal permeability, and a
state of low-intensity systemic inflammation. Although, currently, most of the experimental work, using
probiotics for diabetes management, has been done on experimental animals, the results obtained
are promising. Thus, the modification of the microbiota through biotherapy has shown to improve the
symptoms and severity of diabetes through various mechanisms related to these alterations.
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