Using Smartphone as a Journalistic Tool: An Examination of Ethical Codes in Mobile Journalism in Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to understand the impact of ethical codes on Saudi journalists’ perceptions toward mobile journalism (MOJO). Three major ethical dimensions were examined, including seeking truth, minimizing harm, and being accountable in news coverage. A survey link created with SurveyMonkey was transmitted via social media avenues, such as Twitter and WhatsApp, where Saudi journalists can complete the questionnaire and then share the link with other Saudi journalists. A total of 124 Saudi journalists were recruited by this snowball sampling approach, while the Codes of Ethics of Society of Professional Journalists was adapted as major measurements for three ethical dimensions, including seeking truth, minimizing harm, and being accountable. Results found that all three ethical dimensions of professional journalists generated significant influences on Saudi journalists’ perceptions toward MOJO. Specifically, minimizing harm was found as the most powerful factor that affected Saudi journalists’ perceptions toward MOJO, followed by being accountable and seeking truth, indicating that Saudi journalists who were more likely to seek truth, minimize harm, and be accountable would exhibit more positive perceptions toward MOJO. Although using smartphone as a journalistic tool was a key factor toward Saudi journalists’ MOJO perceptions, it was not as powerful as three ethical dimensions that affected their MOJO perceptions. Keywords: mobile journalism, codes of ethics, professional journalism, Saudi journalists

MEM AS A PHENOMENON IN CREOLIZED INTERNET COMMUNICATION

Existing types and types of communication in the world of virtual reality provide global interpersonal and group communications of modern society. One way to transmit information on the Internet is a phenomenon called «meme». The distribution of memes in actively functioning chat rooms has become a powerful factor shaping public opinion and even modern mentality.

Terrorism and Democracy

This article proposes a new explanation of the positive correlation between democracy and terrorism detected in many previous studies. It is shown that this might be accounted for by the fact that factional democracies are subjected to more terrorist attacks than the other political regimes. A positive relationship between the democratic regime and the level of terrorist activity can be obtained due to the inclusion of factional democracies in the sample of democratic states. If factional democracies are excluded from the sample, the relationship between the level of terrorist activity and the democratic regime is negative. The analysis allows to maintain that factional democracy is a rather powerful factor of a high level of terrorist activity, while non-factional democracy turns out to be rather a statistically significant predictor of a relatively low intensity of terrorist attacks.

TRANSLATION AS AN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE: THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

This article discusses the translation of this article plays an active role in strengthening the interethnic foundations of all national cultures, establishing and developing friendly relations between the fraternal peoples of our country, as well as a powerful factor not only as a means of communication, but also its linguistics, methodology and terminology.

Accelerating the Passage to Citizenship: Marriage and Naturalization in France

Naturalization systems often provide immigrant spouses of citizens with accelerated access to citizenship, but thus far, the impact of such fast-track procedures has yet to be examined by empirical analysis. Toward that end, we leverage a unique feature of French naturalization policy: a dual track system, one for standard naturalization and a second that makes naturalization a right for non-citizens married to citizens. We show that, overall, family-level factors exercise the greatest influence on naturalization decisions relative to individual and contextual factors; further, marriage to French citizens is the single most powerful factor, yielding effects on naturalization in both tracks. However, while marriage to a naturalized citizen promotes standard naturalization, marriage to a French native fosters citizenship via the marriage track. Women migrants who marry French natives are particularly likely to naturalize via marriage. Contributing to the study of naturalization by attending to the link between two institutions—naturalization and marriage—we show that the effects of an apparent bias toward the familial ties of citizens run up against state efforts to close off membership to outsiders.

EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AS A FACTOR OF INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article analyzes the reasons for the unstable development of the Russian economy in the period after the introduction of sanctions by the US and EU countries. It is shown that in the context of the fourth industrial revolution in Russia, it is extremely important to actively increase and effectively use such a powerful factor of economic growth and achieving international competitiveness as national intellectual capital.

ROLE OF JUNIOR TRAINING IN REDUCING THE LEVEL OF THEIR CRIMINAL INCLINATIONS

This article examines the impact of physical training on crime among juvenile convicts, namely, how physical activity, a set of physical exercises and much more can affect the behavior of juvenile convicts and, directly, contribute to their correction. Proper physical education of minor children is a powerful factor in preventing and deterring crime. The urgency of the need to involve adolescents in active sports is important in order to develop the values of physical education and improve the form and orientation of the promotion of physical education and sports in order to minimize juvenile delinquency.

Asclepias syriaca I. is a threat to biodiversity and agriculture of Ukraine

The problem of weed control has been facing mankind since the beginning of agricultural development, and is especially relevant today. Weeds began to evolve not only under the influence of natural factors, but also human activities, especially with the introduction of herbicides, which have become the most powerful factor in the evolution of segetal vegetation. Over the past two decades for biodiversity of forests, green areas of settlements and agricultural lands. Invasive species have properties that increase their ability to suppress Aboriginal species populations and compete with them for space and resources. Threats from invasive species are one of the most important environmental problems of our time, which is especially acute in the process of globalization.

The Emergence of the Khilafat Movement in Sargodha: Beginning of Agitational Politics and Impacts on the Freedom Movement

Mustafa Kamal abolished the institution of Khilafat in 1924, but the Sargodha district Khilafat Committee continued its functioning. Peers of Sial Sharif and Bugvis of Bhera played the leading role, while pro-British feudal lords supported the government. Khilafat conferences were held in which high-level Khilafat leaders participated and addressed. Samarna-Fund was collected, and a sum of Rs 9600 was submitted to the Punjab Khilafat Committee. Sialvi and Bugvi visited different towns and villages and conveyed the Khilafat message in simple words. Bugvi was arrested and sent to prison for one and a half year. While on the arrest of Peer of Sial-Sharif, the Muslims of Soon Valley began to offer arrest every day. From the Khilafat movement, Muslims of Sargodha enhanced their awareness and gained experience. They utilized it in Pakistan Movement 1940-47 and received prominent status in any district of Punjab outside Lahore. They challenged their feudal lords of past and rulers of present and, as a powerful factor, won their share in freedom.

International component in the activities of local self-government bodies of Ukraine

The purpose of this article is to study topical issues of the emergence, formation and manifestation of the international componentin the activities of local self-government bodies of Ukraine.It has been proved that the international legal component of local self-government is based on multilateral and multi-level coope -ration of the member states of the international community, acquiring phenomenological properties, because: A) relies on the possibi -lities of the phenomenon of globalization, which manifests itself in it in all three of its currently defined forms – economic, politicaland legal; B) uses the powerful spatially unifying potential of legal globalization as a powerful systemic and complex megatrend thatencompasses not only peoples and states, but also unites them around common strategic, tactical, and what is especially important –existential and everyday patterns of organization and implementation of the international, state, regional, local (collective), group andindividual life – through their coordination, integration and unification, convergence (rapprochement of the legal systems of states),their adaptation, approximation, and the like; C) determines and contextualizes new forms of interstate and international cooperationaimed at: deeper interaction of its subjects; is a powerful factor that is permanent in time; and multivariate in forms; poly-level andpoly-object development, which is accompanied by new and still unknown phenomena and trends – that is, we can talk about qualitative-paradigmatic and discursive civilizational changes, accompanied and manifested by the emergence of corresponding patterns ofdeep interaction, and significantly affecting the path of existence and further development peoples and states.It is argued that under the international component in its content, it is necessary to understand such aspects of the activities oflocal self-government bodies that are actually not connected in their emergence with the issues of “internal”, intrastate activities of thesepublic authorities, although in a broad teleological sense, it is this “international component “is aimed at facilitating and improving theactivities of such bodies within the national state through the acquisition of foreign experience, participation in international commercialand foreign economic activity, the formation of a local system of international cooperation.It is argued that the definition of a number of provisions (factors) of methodological properties that demonstrate the principles ofthe international and international legal potential of local self-government, its bodies and subjects (historical, psychological, collaboration,intersubjective, functional-active, ideological, public-state factors).