scholarly journals AUTO- AND ISOTRANSPLANTATION, IN DOGS, OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDULES

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Halsted
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Present State ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Complete Excision ◽  
The Creation

1. The autotransplantation of parathyroid glandules into the thyroid gland and behind the musculus rectus abdominis has been successful in sixty-one per cent. of the cases in which a deficiency greater than one-half has been created. 2. In no instance has the autotransplantation succeeded without the creation of such deficiency. 3. Isotransplantation has been uniformly unsuccessful. 4. Parathyroid tissue transplanted in excess of what is urgently required by the organism has not lived. 5. One parathyroid autograft may suffice to maintain the animal in good health and spirits for many months and possibly for years. 6. Excised or deprived of their blood supply in the course of operation upon the human subject, parathyroid glands should, in the present state of our knowledge, be grafted, and probably into the thyroid gland. 7. Complete excision of the thyroid lobes in dogs may be well borne for a year or more. The myxœdema which usually has manifested itself within a few weeks has not increased after the first few months. May it subsequently diminish with the hypertrophy of accessory thyroids? 8. Parathyroid tissue is essential to the life of dogs, as has been conclusively proved by the result of excision of the sole, sustaining graft. There may be found, perhaps, in our experiments, explanation of the fact observed by others (Enderlen, Payr) that, when transplanted, thyroid preserves its integrity less well than parathyroid tissue. In the instances recorded the amount of thyroid gland excised may have been insufficient to make possible the fullest success of the transplantation; and particularly so when we consider the extent of the hypertrophy of which the thyroid gland seems capable.

scholarly journals SURGICAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS OPERATED ON THYROID GLAND

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
A. Ya. Pasko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Antioxidant Therapy ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Group I ◽  
Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Surgical Prevention

Abstract. Thyroid gland (TG) diseases are among the most common and occupy the second place in the structure of endocrine system diseases after diabetes mellitus. The main method of TG disease treatment remains the surgical one. With the increase in the incidence of various forms of TG pathology, the number of surgeries increases including the ones performed at non-specialized in-patient facilities leading to an increase in the frequency of postoperative complications. One of the most common specific complications after surgeries on TG is postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT). It occupies a special place considering the severity of manifestations and the difficulty in prevention. It is usually caused by trauma or parathyroid glands (PTG) removal, their blood supply disturbance, as well as the development of fibrosis at the surgery site in the long term. Therefore, the improvement of existing technologies and the development of new approaches to surgeries in case of TG diseases are relevant today. The most common method of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT) surgical prevention is precision nature of surgical manipulations with careful adhering to tactical and technical requirements for the operator: identify parathyroid glands (PTG) timely, mobilize gently, and keep their blood supply. However, it is often impossible to keep PTG intact structurally and without ischemia due to the small sizes of PTG and their vessels, anatomical and embryological features of these organs localization, the consistency and color similarity with fatty tissue, lymph nodes. The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate the algorithm of prevention and treatment of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT) based on determining parathyroid glands (PTG) viability and the use of antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy in the postoperative period. The research was based on the results of a comprehensive examination and treatment of 60 patients who were operated for thyroid gland diseases. The patients underwent inpatient treatment at the surgical department of Ivano-Frankivsk Central City Clinical Hospital and Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Oncology Center from 2017 to 2020. We proposed an algorithm for surgical prevention and treatment of PHPT during thyroid gland surgeries which consisted in the following. We performed a visual assessment of PTG intraoperatively and evaluated each gland from 0 to 3 points according to the degree of its viability affection. If the gland was evaluated at 0-2 points, we left it, since there was a high probability of maintaining its function. If it was evaluated at 3 points, its autotransplantation was performed. Cytoflavin drug was applied in a dose of 10 ml per 200 0.9% NaCl intravenously once a day during 7 days in the postoperative period for the purpose of antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy. 2 groups of patients were formed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Each group consisted of 30 people. Patients of Group I underwent surgery on thyroid gland according to generally accepted rules. Patients of Group II underwent interventions according to the above-mentioned algorithm. The use of our proposed algorithm (intraoperative assessment of PTG viability and antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy in the postoperative period) significantly reduces the frequency of permanent PHP justifying indications to its application.

Clinical Anatomy of the Parathyroid Glands. New Data and Approaches

10.12737/2737 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Малеев ◽  
Yu. Maleev ◽  
Черных ◽  
A. Chernykh ◽  
Шевцов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Common Variants ◽  
Operative Complications

New approaches to the assessment of clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands were developed. The obtained new data allow improving the quality of planning and carrying out operations on the thyroid and parathyroid glands, to reduce the risk of errors in diagnosis and intra-operative and post-operative complications. 220 corpses and 82 patients after surgery on the thyroid gland pathology were examined. In morphological material 4 or 5 of the parathyroid glands were found. Size parathyroid glands was 0,70x0,43x0,30 cm, volume - 0,0531+0,0016 cm3, and the total volume of parathyroid tissue in one case - 0,1903±0,0075 cm3. Maximum size parathyroid glands without pathologies are: 1,4x1,0x1,0 cm. On the basis of the ratio of integral indexes forms parathyroid glands were determined. The authors identified three periods of the postnatal development of human parathyroid glands: maximum growth (up to 35 years), the relative stability (36-65 years), involution (over 65 years). The revealed regularities topography are different for the «upper» of the parathyroid glands(parathyroid glands IV), located in the zones 2-3, 3 and 3-4 and to «lower» glands (parathyroid glands III) at the level of 1, 1-2, 2, 4, 5 or 5 zones. Five common variants of parathyroid glands different sizes and shapes in relation to the thyroid gland were identified. It was established that studied nosologic forms of diseases of the thyroid doesn´t affect the linear size and topography of the parathyroid glands in the frontal plane. New data on the clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands allow to reduce the cases of intra-and postoperative complications in operations at the front of the neck.

Parathyroid Autotransplantation in Patients Undergoing a Total Thyroidectomy: A Review of 261 Patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 111 (3P1) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina P. Walker ◽  
Edward Paloyan ◽  
Timothy F. Kelley ◽  
Chellam Gopalsami ◽  
Harriet Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Total Thyroidectomy ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Parathyroid Autotransplantation ◽  
Parathyroid Function

Parathyroid autotransplantation was first described in 1907 by Halsted. However, this simple and effective method of preserving parathyroid function has been used with increasing frequency only during the past 25 years. Beginning in the late 1960s, our group has transplanted normal parathyroid tissue into the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle whenever these glands could not be preserved in situ with adequate blood supply. In addition, if the blood supply of all four parathyroid glands appeared compromised, cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue was performed in case the autotransplanted tissue did not function after surgery. Since 1970, 393 patients underwent a total thyroidectomy. Parathyroid glands that could not be saved in situ were biopsied to confirm their identity by frozen section and then autotransplanted. Of the 393 patients who underwent a total thyroidectomy, 261 patients required transplantation of one or more glands. Among those 261 patients who underwent selective parathyroid autotransplantation, 33 (13%) required temporary calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Of these 33 patients, 2 (less than 1%) had permanent hypoparathyroidism and are receiving long-term vitamin D therapy.

Topography and blood supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands of wild animals

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
A. Senchik ◽  
◽  
N. Trush ◽  
G. Gavrilova ◽  
I. Sayapina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Wild Animals

scholarly journals Intrathyroidal Parathyroid Carcinoma: Report of an Unusual Case and Review of the Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizette Vila Duckworth ◽  
William E. Winter ◽  
Mikhail Vaysberg ◽  
César A. Moran ◽  
Samer Z. Al-Quran
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
African American Female ◽  
Thyroid Lobe ◽  
Local Infiltration ◽  
Sestamibi Scan ◽  
The Right

Intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma is an exceedingly rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. A 51-year-old African American female presented with goiter, hyperparathyroidism, and symptomatic hypercalcemia. Sestamibi scan revealed diffuse activity within an enlarged thyroid gland with uptake in the right thyroid lobe suggestive of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. The patient underwent thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. At exploration, a 2.0 cm nodule in the usual location of the right inferior parathyroid was sent for intraoperative frozen consultation, which revealed only ectopic thyroid tissue. No parathyroid glands were identified grossly on the external aspect of the thyroid. Interestingly, postoperative parathyroid hormone levels normalized after removal of the thyroid gland. Examination of the thyroidectomy specimen revealed a 1.4 cm parathyroid nodule located within the parenchyma of the right superior thyroid, with capsular and vascular invasion and local infiltration into surrounding thyroid tissue. We present only the eighth reported case of intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma and review the literature.

scholarly journals Equine Carcinoma Hemithyroidectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mayer Coelho ◽  
Brenda Valeria dos Santos Oliveira ◽  
Diana Villa Verde Salazar ◽  
Karin Elisabeth Rodrigues Borba ◽  
Lais Maria Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Significant Weight Loss

Background: In horses, the thyroid gland is located slightly caudal to the larynx and dorsolaterally between the third and sixth tracheal ring, adjacent to the thyroid, there are four small glands called parathyroid glands. In the clinical routine of horses, thyropathies are difficult to be diagnosed, as they have a silent evolution. Thyroid neoplasia is the most common finding in horses, usually unilateral and normally present in older animals. The present study reports a case of equine thyroid carcinoma and its systemic clinical effects, which was successfully treated by means of hemitieroidectomy. Case: A 12-year-old male mixed breed horse weighing 436 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the FZEA/USP    with the main complaint of volume increase in the right ventrolateral region of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, significant weight loss and weakness of the pelvic limbs. On inspection, there was an increase in volume in the topographic region of the thyroid gland and on palpation, there was a firm mass, with delimited edges, with a smooth, mobile surface, without increasing the temperature and without pain. The animal was sent for ultrasound examination, which revealed a delimited mass, with an apparent capsule around it, differentiated and disorganized cellularity with small hypoechoic points of liquid inside the structure, with no apparent vascularization inside the mass. These findings, associated with the anatomical location of the mass, were consistent with thyroid tissue. The clinical signs commonly observed in thyroid neoformations are respiratory stridor, decreased performance, difficulty in swallowing and suffocation. As there was a compromised diet and weight gain, as well as athletic performance, he chose to have a hemithyroidectomy. After surgery, histopathology of the tissue was performed and thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed. Postoperatively, the animal was medicated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-tetanus serum, after 10 days the stitches were removed and the animal was discharged. Discussion: Neoplasia is the most frequent cause of progressive thyroid growth and in case of suspicion of thyroid disorders, thin needle aspiration (FNAB) is recommended and, later, histopathological examination, which is considered the gold standard for diagnosis pathologies of the thyroid gland. In the present case, no FNAB or preoperative histopathological examination was performed due to the time required to obtain the result, associated with difficulty in swallowing and significant weight loss, which required immediate removal of the mass. Considering that the ultrasound examination revealed the absence of noble structures or important vascularization very close to or adhered to the mass, its removal prior to the histopathological examination was indicated. As there was compromised feeding and weight gain, he opted for hemithyroidectomy, the recommended treatment for unilateral tumors in horses. When performing a hemithyroidectomy, it should be remembered that the parathyroid glands accompany the thyroid and are located in its posterior portion, in the pre tracheal region, with its variable final position. With this variation in topography, the identification of parathyroid glands becomes challenging and, consequently, after thyroidectomy, a portion of parathyroid glands stops operating, and this fact is marked clinically by hypocalcemia and its consequences. In this case described, in which the animal had a tumor in thyroid tissue, possibly the parathyroid functions were also altered, which probably reflected in the lameness in the pelvic limbs. It is concluded that partial hemithyroidectomy in horses is an easy procedure to perform and has favorable results in relation to prognosis and quality of life. Keywords: carcinoma, hemithyroidectomy, thyroid. Título: Hemitireoidectomia por carcinoma em equinoDescritores: carcinoma, hemitireoidectomia, tireóide. 

Transplantation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands into various organs and tissues

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
K. G. Shumkova-Trubina
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Parathyroid Glands

M.G. and M.G. The question of a thyroid gland transplant arose soon after the discoveries of Ord (1880), replacing the absence of a thyroid gland in myxedemic patients at autopsy, a neuropathologist Weiss (1880), who indicated that after total extirpation of the thyroid gland, convulsions appear, called by him tetany, Reverdin (1882) and Kocher (1883), who firmly established that complete removal of the thyroid gland leads to sharp changes in both the mental and the physical organism. He called this disease Renegdin myxedema postoperatorie, and Kocher cachexia strumipriva. They also pointed out that cretinism depends on the absence of a thyroid gland.

scholarly journals Reverse Tubularized Pelvis Flap Method for the Treatment of Long Segment Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haluk Sarihan ◽  
Hatice Sonay Yalçın Comert ◽  
Mustafa İmamoğlu ◽  
Dilek Basar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Ureteropelvic Junction ◽  
Absorbable Suture ◽  
Distal Ureter ◽  
Upj Obstruction ◽  
Age Range

Objective: The most common cause of urinary obstruction is ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. In short stenosis, a dismembered pyeloplasty is performed, but for long segment stenosis, the procedure is not well defined. We present the reverse flap ureteroplasty method, which we prepared from the pelvis for use in long segment UPJ obstruction. Methods: Between 2007 and 2016, we operated on 6 cases (4 males, 2 females) with an age range of 2–6 months. After reaching the UPJ region, depending on the length of the long segment obstruction, a flap measuring 25–35 mm in length was prepared from the pelvis so that its width would be 10–12 mm on the pelvis side and 10 mm in the distal portion. It was then reversed and tubularized with an absorbable suture over a 10-French nelaton catheter. The end of this ureter and the end of the distal ureter were spatulated and anastomosed. A double J and minivac drain were used in each case. Results: There were no complications in the postoperative period of all our patients. They were all discharged with good health. Follow-up with renal ultrasonography showed that the anteroposterior diameters were decreased and that parenchymal thicknesses had returned to normal. Secondary stenosis, flap necrosis, and retraction did not develop. Conclusion: Because the blood supply of the pelvis is increased in patients with UPJ obstruction, a reverse flap of adequate length with preserved blood supply can be achieved and tubularized. We suggest that this method will be appropriate for the treatment of long segment UPJ obstruction.

scholarly journals The thyroid and parathyroid glands throughout vertebrates

1910 ◽  
Vol 82 (557) ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Glands

1. The organs recognised as arising in the regions of the gill-clefts in Elasmobranchs are thyroid, thymus, and post-branchial body. The parathyroid and carotid glandules have not yet been discovered in these animals. 2. Within the thyroid gland of Elasmobranchs are small, solid masses of cells, partly epithelial, partly adenoid. These have not, so far as I am aware, been previously described. One is tempted to suppose that these are homologous either with parathyroid or thymus. In the latter case it would correspond with thymus IV of Mammals. (It has not been suggested that the thymus derivative of the fourth cleft furnishes isolated nodules in the thyroid of Elasmobranchs.)

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