THE ROUTE OF ENTERIC INFECTION IN NORMAL MICE

This study followed the early pathogenesis of orally induced murine typhoid fever. Intragastrically administered Salmonella enteritidis moves quickly through the normal undisturbed gut so that only a small residuum remains in the cecum and large intestine after the first few hours. Dye injection of the gut wall was used to show that lymph from discrete portions of the gastrointestinal tract drains to separate lymph nodes, probably via the regional Peyer's patches. Plating techniques capable of detecting a single colony-forming unit of S. enteritidis within the different Peyer's patches and draining lymph nodes indicate that, although the cecum and large intestine are exposed to large numbers of Salmonella for longer time periods than the small intestine, the primary site of bacterial penetration involves the distal ileum. This area of the small intestine as well as the cecum are both drained by the distal mesenteric lymph nodes, and were the only nodes which contained detectable numbers of viable Salmonella over the first 24 h of infection. Neither the pyloric nor the proximal mesenteric lymph nodes (which drain the stomach and duodenum) nor the pancreatic and caudal lymph nodes (which drain the transverse and descending colon) contained viable Salmonella. Salmonella were observed to infect the ileal mucosa and its Peyer's patches. With time, this infection progresses to the draining lymph node and ultimately reaches the liver and spleen. Some of the implications of these findings relative to the development of acquired resistance to enteric disease are discussed.

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Peyer’s Patches Are Required for the Induction of Rapid Th1 Responses in the Gut and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during an Enteric Infection

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7533 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 176 (12) ◽

pp. 7533-7541 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sue-fen Kwa ◽

Peter Beverley ◽

Adrian L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Enteric Infection ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

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Yersinia enterocolitica Invasin-Dependent and Invasin-Independent Mechanisms of Systemic Dissemination

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.12.8453-8455.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 8453-8455 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Scott A. Handley ◽

Rodney D. Newberry ◽

Virginia L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Systemic Dissemination

ABSTRACT We report here invasin-dependent and invasin-independent mechanisms in which the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica is able to disseminate from the lumen of the small intestine to the spleen. The invasin-dependent route is clearly discernible in mice devoid of intestinal Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.

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Commensal microbiota drive proliferation of conventional and Foxp3+Regulatory CD4+T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology ◽

10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.1.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Sascha Cording ◽

Diana Fleissner ◽

Markus M. Heimesaat ◽

Stefan Bereswill ◽

Christoph Loddenkemper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

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Oral Immunization with ATP-Dependent Protease-Deficient Mutants Protects Mice against Subsequent Oral Challenge with Virulent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.71.1.30-39.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 30-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Hidenori Matsui ◽

Masato Suzuki ◽

Yasunori Isshiki ◽

Chie Kodama ◽

Masahiro Eguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Oral Challenge ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Lon Protease ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT We evaluated the efficacy of mutants with a deletion of the stress response protease gene as candidates for live oral vaccine strains against Salmonella infection through infection studies with mice by using a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mutant with a disruption of the ClpXP or Lon protease. In vitro, the ClpXP protease regulates flagellum synthesis and the ClpXP-deficient mutant strain exhibits hyperflagellated bacterial cells (T. Tomoyasu et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:645-653, 2002). On the other hand, the Lon protease negatively regulates the efficacy of invading epithelial cells and the expression of invasion genes (A. Takaya et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:224-232, 2002). When 5-week-old BALB/c mice were orally administered 5 × 108 CFU of the ClpXP- or Lon-deficient strain, bacteria were detected with 103 to 104 CFU in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and cecum 1 week after inoculation and the bacteria then decreased gradually in each tissue. Significant increases of lipopolysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA were detected at week 4 and maintained until at least week 12 after inoculation in serum and bile, respectively. Immunization with the ClpXP- or Lon-deficient strain protected mice against oral challenge with the serovar Typhimurium virulent strain. Both the challenged virulent and immunized avirulent salmonellae were completely cleared from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and even cecum 5 days after the challenge. These data indicate that Salmonella with a disruption of the ATP-dependent protease ClpXP or Lon can be useful in developing a live vaccine strain.

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Diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats do not have a normal immune response when weaned to a diet containing fermentable fibre

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20051408 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

pp. 645-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

RoseMarie Stillie ◽

Rhonda C. Bell ◽

Catherine J. Field

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Stimulation Index ◽

Control Diet ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Intestinal Length ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Normal Immune Response

Diet is known to modulate the development of diabetes in diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rats. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of fermentable fibre (FF) on immune function in BBdp and diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (BBdr) rats after weaning. Weanling BBdp (thirty-six to thirty-eight per diet) and BBdr rats (thirty to thirty-two per diet) were fed a nutritionally complete, semi-purified, casein-based diet containing either cellulose (control diet, 8 % w/w) or FF (3·2 % cellulose+4·8 % w/w inulin). At 35 d, the small intestine was excised and lymphocytes isolated from spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Feeding FF to both BBdr and BBdp rats affected the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (P=0·02). In BBdr rats, feeding FF compared with cellulose resulted in an increased small intestinal length (P=0·0031), higher proliferative (stimulation) index from both splenocytes (P=0·001) and mesenteric lymph nodes (P=0·04), and an increased proportion of CD8+ T-cells in the Peyer's patches (P=0·003). We did not observe an effect of diet on the number of IgA-bearing cells in the jejunum from BBdr rats. Feeding FF to BBdp rats did not affect the same parameters. BBdp rats had both a higher proportion of B-cells in the Peyer's patches (P=0·01) and a higher number of IgA+ cells in the jejunum (P=0·0036) when fed a diet containing FF, a response not observed in BBdr rats. We demonstrate that several aspects of the BBdp immune system respond differently than that of BBdr rats when challenged at weaning with FF.

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