scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
M. W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Dermal Application

A method has been described by which sensitization to a simple chemical, picryl chloride (2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene), can be satisfactorily attained by means of intraperitoneal injection of the compound when killed tubercle bacilli suspended in paraffin oil were used as adjuvant. Sensitivity of the contact dermatitis type results therefrom. It follows that although skin sensitization of this type is most easily obtained by dermal application this route of administration is no necessary condition for such sensitivity.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
M. W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Typical Skin

Experiments with guinea pigs are described which show that under special experimental conditions the intraperitoneal injection of conjugates made with homologous erythrocyte stromata leads to typical skin sensitization of the contact type towards the respective simple chemicals, namely picryl chloride or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Therefore such sensitivity can be brought about not only by low molecular chemical compounds but by a material which must be regarded as a typical antigen.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
M. W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Cutaneous Administration

It has been shown that by the cutaneous administration of simple chemical compounds in small quantities—2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride) and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, the latter a typical incitant of contact dermatitis in man—it is possible to induce true anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs, demonstrable by the intravenous injection of protein conjugates and by the Dale technique, using isolated uterine horns. This furnishes strong evidence for the formation of antigenic conjugates following application of substances of simple chemical constitution. Since the anaphylactic state is induced by the same method of administration that gives rise to cutaneous sensitivity, the assumption would appear justified, when one takes into account the chemical properties of the inciting substances, that the formation of conjugated antigens offers an explanation for the skin effects also. In the experiments with picryl chloride, anaphylactic antibodies, and occasionally precipitins, have been demonstrated. The differences between the cutaneous and anaphylactic types of sensitivity are discussed.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SENSITIZATION WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Battisto ◽  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Guinea pigs fed picryl chloride to induce specific immunologic unresponsiveness cleared small amounts of venously infused antipicryl antibody at a rate equal to that of normal guinea pigs. Catabolism of passively administered picryl-specific antibody did not alter the unresponsive state of picryl chloride-fed guinea pigs or the responsive state of normal guinea pigs. Lymphoid cells of picryl chloride immunized guinea pigs produced equal amounts of picryl-specific antibody in picryl chloride-fed and normal animals. Allergen-fed guinea pigs remained unresponsive to attempted sensitization with the allergen in excess of 10 months after the final feeding, though some became feebly sensitive between 9 and 11 months. Second attempts to make unresponsive animals hypersensitive were unsuccessful. White blood cells of guinea pigs unresponsive to picryl chloride were unable to transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity for picryl chloride to normal recipients yet readily transferred tuberculin hypersensitivity.

scholarly journals INHERITANCE IN GUINEA PIGS OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SKIN SENSITIZATION WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Set Up

It has proved possible to set up lines of guinea pigs of significantly different susceptibilities towards a compound of simple structure, namely 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene. This provides direct evidence that the type of sensitization under discussion is influenced by heredity.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
John Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Experiments on the sensitization of guinea pigs with simple chemical compounds are described. Positive effects were obtained by the administration of small quantities, namely fractions of milligrams, with 1:2:4 chlorodinitrobenzene, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 1:2:4 trinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, four dichlorodinitrobenzenes, and a number of other aromatic compounds. Several substances chemically similar to those enumerated gave negative results. The first named compound is known to produce hypersensitiveness in human beings, a large number of cases having been observed in factory workers. The mechanism of these effects is discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Maguire ◽  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Slow Evolution

A method of establishing regular and intense sensitivity to picric acid is described, based upon an initial sensitization by a "split-adjuvant" technique in which the intradermal injection of mycobacteria in paraffin oil precedes or follows the administration of allergen to the same sites. When subsequent contact applications of picric acid are later made, the degree of sensitivity rises in steps such that reactivity occurs in tests made with low concentrations of picric acid, in the range of 0.06–0.006% but varying somewhat from one experiment to another. This heightening of picric acid reactivity represents an anamnestic response in the area of delayed hypersensitivity. The characteristics of contact reactions to the weak allergen, picric acid, differ from those encountered with covalently binding haptens, PCI and DNCB. A slow evolution from an initial micropapular reaction to full reaction requires about 3 days, leading often to a micaceous scale, with histological evidence of vesiculation even while the reaction is still feeble, and to an infiltrate containing a significant number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Substitution of an emulsion of picric acid in complete Freund's adjuvant as a priming experience proved to be much less efficient. The split-adjuvant technique offers a general plan for sensitizing with weak allergens. Indeed, technically, sensitization can be acquired even when, for priming, the allergen is applied topically over intradermal depots of mycobacteria in paraffin oil. Compatibility between sensitizer and adjuvant is not required.

Symposium

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
BRET RATNER ◽  
T. N. HARRIS ◽  
MILTON G. BOHROD ◽  
ADOLPH ROSTENBERG
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cellular Accumulation ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Tissue Reactions

This review will describe certain developments which have appeared recently in the immunologic literature involving the transfer of viable cells from one animal to another. In 1940 Landsteiner and Chase showed that it was possible to remove cellular exudates from guinea pigs sensitized with simple chemical compounds, wash these cells and transfer them to fresh guinea pigs and then to demonstrate in the recipient guinea pigs dermal sensitivity to the original compound. More recently, Dr. Merrill Chase sensitized guinea pigs with o-chlorobenzoyl chloride: paraffin oil had been injected intraperitoneally into these animals 48 hours before, in order to induce the necessary cellular accumulation. These cells were collected, washed and injected into a recipient guinea pig, which thereupon developed a positive reaction to the allergen. Similar experiments were done with cells secured from lymph nodes of sensitized guinea pigs and in the case of heat-killed tubercle bacilli suspended in hydrocarbon as antigen. The same phenomenon has been demonstrated by Metaxas with intradermally injected cells, and by Lawrence in the human species with leucocytes collected from blood and injected intradermally. Tissue reactions of the immediate type of hypersensitivity have also been demonstrated by Chase as a function of transferred cells by the use of the Schultz-Dale technic, as well as by an adaptation of the PK type of reaction to the measurement of classical antibodies. It was felt in our laboratory that this type of approach might provide more direct information on the mechanism of antibody formation in the cells involved. Accordingly, a study of such cells was undertaken, using largely bacterial cells as antigens and measuring the agglutinins produced thereto.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1947 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Acyl Chlorides ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Acid Anhydrides ◽  
Substantial Degree

Evidence is presented to show that guinea pigs actively sensitized to simple chemical compounds form serum antibodies capable of sensitizing the skin of normal guinea pigs. Skin sites prepared as for the Prausnitz-Küstner test develop immediate-type ("evanescent") reactions with erythema and edema, upon subsequent injection of the corresponding simple compounds or protein conjugates thereof, and give effects resembling transferred reaginic reactions as seen in human beings. The antibodies were obtainable after sensitization by acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides, and also substances of lesser reactivity, picryl chloride and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, which are human allergens. Observations are reported on the specificity of the antibodies and on various details of the reaction. Like effects result when antiprotein immune sera and their corresponding antigens are employed for the test, making it highly probable that the antibodies secured after sensitization to drugs result from immunization by conjugates formed in vivo. The sera obtained after sensitization with simple chemical compounds readily confer passive anaphylaxis, and their capacity for sensitizing the skin declines gradually with progressive heating. It was observed that following a reaction of substantial degree in guinea pig skin the area involved does not fully recover for some days its capacity to react, the effect being a manifestation, it would seem, of what has been termed "non-specific antianaphylaxis."

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