scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES OF THE INFECTIOUS UNIT OF VACCINIA

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Parker ◽  
L. H. Bronson ◽  
R. H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Binomial Theorem ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Normal Character ◽  
Infectious Unit

A study has been made of the comparative virulence of several strains of vaccine virus for a number of hosts, and wide variation in animal susceptibility has been demonstrated. The results obtained in experiments with a chick-embryo-adapted strain are interpreted as indicating that the particles of virus are of essentially uniform virulence. Results of statistical analyses are presented which indicate that as the virulence of a strain of virus increases the number of elementary bodies per infectious unit approaches 1, and at that limit the chance of infection is governed primarily by the presence or absence of virus in the inoculum. With lower virulence the chance of a lesion following inoculation of virus is still described by the binomial theorem, but the actual distribution is primarily of susceptible cells not of viral particles. It is postulated that with regard to the proportion of cells available for parasitism, differences exist between different animals of a species, and that this distribution is of a normal character.

scholarly journals AMOUNT AND DURATION OF IMMUNITY INDUCED BY INTRADERMAL INOCULATION OF CULTURED VACCINE VIRUS

1939 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
S. M. Ward ◽  
R. D. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Embryo Tissue

Continued cultivation of vaccine virus in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo tissue and Tyrode's solution has resulted in a virus qualitatively changed to such an extent that considerable amounts of it can be injected intradermally into human beings without danger or inconvenience. Individuals who are vaccinated intradermally with the cultured virus should be revaccinated dermally six months to a year later with a potent calf lymph virus in order to obtain a satisfactory immunity to smallpox without being subjected to the dangers and inconvenience associated with primary vaccinations with calf lymph virus.

scholarly journals STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUSES OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Councilman Morgan ◽  
Harry M. Rose ◽  
Dan H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Spherical Form ◽  
Filamentous Form ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Constant Distance ◽  
Infectious Unit

Rods and spheres believed to represent viral particles were observed at the free surface of entodermal cells of the chorioallantoic membrane 6 to 44 hours after infection. Although occasional short rods revealed poorly defined internal bodies, the majority, as well as all the longer rods (filaments), exhibited no visible internal structure. The spheres presumed to lie central to the plane of section contained an inner body 20 to 22 mµ in diameter. Both forms possessed a dense, sharply defined limiting membrane 30 A thick and a diffuse external coat of lesser density. Where superimposition within the section was minimal, the viral particles were separated by a relatively constant distance. Measured to include this spacing, on the assumption that it reflected the presence of a component of the outer coat, the diameters of a majority of the rods were 50 to 60 mµ, whereas the spheres averaged 60 to 70 mµ. The rods appeared to form by a process of extrusion from the cell wall and became detached either singly or in bundles of variable length. The spheres seemed to differentiate at the cell surface and to acquire the inner body, limiting membrane, and outer coat as they migrated through the membrane of the host cell. No characteristic changes were seen in the nuclei or adjacent cytoplasm, and recognizable viral particles were never encountered in these areas of the cell. No support was obtained for the assumption that the spheres developed primarily by segmentation of the rods. It is suggested that the spherical form of the virus is the elemental infectious unit and that the filamentous form is largely or completely non-infective.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Parker ◽  
Thomas M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Agglutination Reaction ◽  
Test Antigen ◽  
End Point ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Infectious Unit

Methods have been described by which the number of elementary bodies present in a suspension can be estimated. It has been shown that by means of replicate counts, in which the Petroff-Hausser chamber was used, a high degree of accuracy can be attained. By means of the Gates densitometer, the number of elementary bodies in a suspension can be determined with a coefficient of variation of about 3.0 per cent. A method has been described by which the accuracy of estimation of the infectious titer of a suspension can be increased without greatly enlarging the number of animals employed. This consists of selecting as the end-point that dilution of virus which on intradermal inoculation in a rabbit would lead theoretically to an equal number of positive and negative results. The statistical advantages of this method have been confirmed by the experiences of other laboratories. By the application of the methods described, there was shown to be a direct correlation between the number of elementary bodies and the number of infectious units of virus present in a given suspension. At the mean of the distribution this ratio is as the logarithms 9.62 to 8.0. To extrapolate this curve, in order to determine the number of elementary bodies present in a single infectious unit, while tempting, is probably not justifiable. It must likewise be remembered that the data given apply to a particular strain of vaccine virus, and that the number of infectious units has been determined by intradermal inoculation of rabbits. It appears also that this method may be of value in studies of the virulence of different strains of vaccine virus, since by its application one may determine not only the infectious liter of a suspension, but its content of elementary bodies. In the agglutination reaction it was found that optimum titers of serum were obtained when the test antigen contained from 2.0 x 109 to 1.05 x 1010 elementary bodies per cc. Approximately 1.95 x 108 particles per cc. of suspension were required for the production of visible agglutination.

scholarly journals FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS IN LIFELESS MEDIA

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
S. M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Embryo Tissue

We have made ten attempts to cultivate vaccine virus in tissue extracts prepared according to the method described by Eagles and Kordi (4). Renal, testicular, and chick embryo extracts were employed with a dermal strain of vaccine virus and with the Levaditi strain of neuro-vaccine virus. In no instance were we able to show that the virus multiplied in the extract media. Both of these strains of virus, however, multiplied in media containing bits of minced viable tissue. Furthermore, treatment of rabbit testicular tissue and chick embryo tissue in the manner described by Eagles and Kordi for the preparation of the extracts leaves some cells not only alive but capable of proliferation. Although the results of our work are not in accord with those obtained by Eagles and Kordi, we offer no explanation for the discrepancy. Nevertheless, one cannot examine the results of our work recorded in the six tables without recognizing the fact that in the types of media used the presence of viable cells appears to be essential for the multiplication of vaccine virus. Rabbit testicular tissue and bits of chick embryos support the regeneration of the active agent more efficiently than does rabbit renal tissue.

scholarly journals CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Rivers ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Culture Virus

1. A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been adapted to a simple culture medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution. 2. The bacteria-free culture virus, thus obtained, produces in lower animals and in man typical vaccinia that renders them refractory to infection with ordinary vaccine virus harvested from calves.

scholarly journals CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Li ◽  
T. M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Culture Virus

1. A strain of neurovaccine virus was cultivated in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution. 2. The virus upon cultivation apparently lost none of its essential characteristics. 3. The culture virus can be preserved and stored for long periods of time. Furthermore, the preserved virus can be used to initiate fresh cultures.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL STUDIES OF THE NATURE OF THE INFECTIOUS UNIT OF VACCINE VIRUS

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Tyrode Solution ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Extensive Necrosis ◽  
Infectious Unit ◽  
Number Of Particles

A method has been described by which it is possible to estimate the number of particles of vaccine virus which are required to cause infection in the rabbit skin. The method consists essentially in performing a series of intradermal inoculations in rabbits of suitably diluted virus suspensions. The percentage of inoculations at each dilution giving rise to lesions is observed, and the data are subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Several strains of vaccine virus, differing in their characteristics, have been studied with the following results. Infection with the New York City Board of Health virus appears to follow the injection of a single particle of virus. The same is true for the strain derived from it but cultured in a chick embryo-Tyrode solution medium for a prolonged period. This strain, as has been noted, has largely lost its ability to cause extensive necrosis in the rabbit skin, and causes generalized infection only exceptionally. From the results here reported, it appears that other factors are responsible for the altered character of the lesion than the ability of the virus to establish a foothold in the animal organism. In this respect the cultured appears to be the equal of the original passage virus. Similarly the Noguchi strain of virus is apparently capable of infecting, if a single virus particle is properly introduced.

Evidence for interferon production and its correlation with YF 17DD vaccine virus yields in primary chick embryo cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Elena Caride ◽  
Maria Beatriz Junqueira Borges ◽  
Rugimar Marcovistz ◽  
Ricardo Galler ◽  
Marcos da Silva Freire
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Embryo Cells

Attempts to Cultivate Vaccine Virus in the Growing Chick Embryo.

1929 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Gay ◽  
R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus

Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Basic Fuchsin ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

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