The Rate of Information Transfer of Naturalistic Stimulation by Graded Potentials

We present a method to measure the rate of information transfer for any continuous signals of finite duration without assumptions. After testing the method with simulated responses, we measure the encoding performance of Calliphora photoreceptors. We find that especially for naturalistic stimulation the responses are nonlinear and noise is nonadditive, and show that adaptation mechanisms affect signal and noise differentially depending on the time scale, structure, and speed of the stimulus. Different signaling strategies for short- and long-term and dim and bright light are found for this graded system when stimulated with naturalistic light changes.

Download Full-text

Ubiquitous C IV 1550 Variability in B and Be Stars

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100116422 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 92 ◽

pp. 286-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Sonneborn ◽

M.P. Garhart ◽

C.A. Grady

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Be Stars ◽

Line Profiles ◽

Standard Star ◽

B Stars ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Resonance Transitions ◽

Long Term Behavior

Studies of line profile variability of the ultraviolet 1550 Angstrom resonance transitions of C IV in Be stars (Sonneborn et al. 1986; Grady, et al. 1986a,b) have prompted an investigation into the short- and long-term behavior of the C IV lines in other types of B stars. We present examples of two well-studied Be stars, Omega Orionis and 66 Ophiuchi, and two non-Be stars, Beta Cephei and the standard star Zeta Cassiopeiae. Zeta Cas is also known to be a 53 Per variable (see Cox 1983). The IUE SWP high-dispersion spectra of Beta Cep and Zeta Cas have been obtained from the IUE archives. It has been known for some years that the C IV line profiles in Beta Cep vary in a time scale of several days (Fishel and Sparks, 1980). However, it came as a surprise to discover C IV variability in Zeta Cas. Available data allow us to set an upper limit of several months for the time scale of Zeta Cas C IV variability. The principal difference between the C IV variability in Be and non-Be stars appears to be the magnitude and velocity range of the effect.

Download Full-text

Thresholds of electrically induced defence reaction of the rat: Short- and long-term adaptation mechanisms

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/0166-4328(93)90099-c ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 58 (1-2) ◽

pp. 141-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Eliana Cristina Murari Sudré ◽

Maria Rufina de Barros ◽

Gilberto Neves Sudré ◽

Luiz Carlos Schenberg

Keyword(s):

Induced Defence ◽

Defence Reaction ◽

Adaptation Mechanisms ◽

Short And Long Term

Download Full-text

A Time Scales Approach to Coinfection by Opportunistic Diseases

Journal of Applied Mathematics ◽

10.1155/2015/275485 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marcos Marvá ◽

Ezio Venturino ◽

Rafael Bravo de la Parra

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Time Scale ◽

Host Population ◽

Short Term ◽

Sis Model ◽

Opportunistic Disease ◽

Primary Disease ◽

Secondary Disease ◽

Short And Long Term

Traditional biomedical approaches treat diseases in isolation, but the importance of synergistic disease interactions is now recognized. As a first step we present and analyze a simple coinfection model for two diseases simultaneously affecting a population. The host population is affected by theprimary disease, a long-term infection whose dynamics is described by a SIS model with demography, which facilitates individuals acquiring a second disease,secondary(or opportunistic)disease. The secondary disease is instead a short-term infection affecting only the primary infected individuals. Its dynamics is also represented by a SIS model with no demography. To distinguish between short- and long-term infection the complete model is written as a two-time-scale system. The primary disease acts at the slow time scale while the secondary disease does at the fast one, allowing a dimension reduction of the system and making its analysis tractable. We show that an opportunistic disease outbreak might change drastically the outcome of the primary epidemic process, although it does among the outcomes allowed by the primary disease. We have found situations in which either acting on the opportunistic disease transmission or recovery rates or controlling the susceptible and infected population size allows eradicating/promoting disease endemicity.

Download Full-text

Development and validation of a full-time-scale semi-analytical model for the short- and long-term simulation of vertical geothermal bore fields

Geothermics ◽

10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.101788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 ◽

pp. 101788 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alex Laferrière ◽

Massimo Cimmino ◽

Damien Picard ◽

Lieve Helsen

Keyword(s):

Analytical Model ◽

Time Scale ◽

Full Time ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Development And Validation

Download Full-text

Experience with Short and Long Term Courses of Local Adrenal Steroid Therapy For Ulcerative Colitis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(62)80117-6 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 669-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jean A. Spencer ◽

Joseph B. Kirsner

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Steroid Therapy ◽

Adrenal Steroid ◽

Short And Long Term

Download Full-text

Short- and Long-Term Results of Total vs Subtotal Thyroid- ectomies in the Surgical Treatment of Graves' Disease

Swiss Surgery ◽

10.1024/1023-9332.7.1.20 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 20-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert ◽

Mariéthoz ◽

Pache ◽

Bertin ◽

Caulfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Short And Long Term

Objective: Approximately one out of five patients with Graves' disease (GD) undergoes a thyroidectomy after a mean period of 18 months of medical treatment. This retrospective and non-randomized study from a teaching hospital compares short- and long-term results of total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomies (ST) for this disease. Methods: From 1987 to 1997, 94 patients were operated for GD. Thirty-three patients underwent a TT (mostly since 1993) and 61 a ST (keeping 4 to 8 grams of thyroid tissue - mean 6 g). All patients had received propylthiouracil and/or neo-mercazole and were in a euthyroid state at the time of surgery; they also took potassium iodide (lugol) for ten days before surgery. Results: There were no deaths. Transient hypocalcemia (< 3 months) occurred in 32 patients (15 TT and 17 ST) and persistent hypocalcemia in 8 having had TT. Two patients developed transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after ST (< 3 months). After a median follow-up period of seven years (1-15) with five patients lost to follow-up, 41 patients having had a ST are in a hypothyroid state (73%), thirteen are euthyroid (23%), and two suffered recurrent hyperthyroidism, requiring completion of thyroidectomy. All 33 patients having had TT - with follow-ups averaging two years (0.5-8) - are receiving thyroxin substitution. Conclusions: There were no instances of persistent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in either group, but persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred more frequently after TT. Long after ST, hypothyroidism developed in nearly three of four cases, whereas euthyroidy was maintained in only one-fourth; recurrent hyperthyroidy was rare.

Download Full-text