scholarly journals Voltage Dependence of ATP Secretion in Mammalian Taste Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman A. Romanov ◽  
Olga A. Rogachevskaja ◽  
Alexander A. Khokhlov ◽  
Stanislav S. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Membrane Voltage ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
Atp Secretion ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Recording Conditions

Mammalian type II taste cells release the afferent neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through ATP-permeable ion channels, most likely to be connexin (Cx) and/or pannexin hemichannels. Here, we show that ion channels responsible for voltage-gated (VG) outward currents in type II cells are ATP permeable and demonstrate a strong correlation between the magnitude of the VG current and the intensity of ATP release. These findings suggest that slowly deactivating ion channels transporting the VG outward currents can also mediate ATP secretion in type II cells. In line with this inference, we studied a dependence of ATP secretion on membrane voltage with a cellular ATP sensor using different pulse protocols. These were designed on the basis of predictions of a model of voltage-dependent transient ATP efflux. Consistently with curves that were simulated for ATP release mediated by ATP-permeable channels deactivating slowly, the bell-like and Langmuir isotherm–like potential dependencies were characteristic of ATP secretion obtained for prolonged and short electrical stimulations of taste cells, respectively. These observations strongly support the idea that ATP is primarily released via slowly deactivating channels. Depolarizing voltage pulses produced negligible Ca2+ transients in the cytoplasm of cells releasing ATP, suggesting that ATP secretion is mainly governed by membrane voltage under our recording conditions. With the proviso that natural connexons and pannexons are kinetically similar to exogenously expressed hemichannels, our findings suggest that VG ATP release in type II cells is primarily mediated by Cx hemichannels.

scholarly journals Mechanical stretch activates piezo1 in caveolae of alveolar type I cells to trigger ATP release and paracrine stimulation of surfactant secretion from alveolar type II cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 12785-12804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Diem ◽  
Michael Fauler ◽  
Giorgio Fois ◽  
Andreas Hellmann ◽  
Natalie Winokurow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atp Release ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Alveolar Type Ii Cells ◽  
Surfactant Secretion ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

Ion-channel properties of mastoparan, a 14-residue peptide from wasp venom, and of MP3, a 12-residue analogue

1990 ◽  
Vol 239 (1296) ◽  
pp. 383-400 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Channel Inactivation ◽  
Ion Channel Properties ◽  
Discrete Channel ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Channel Properties

Mastoparan, a 14-residue peptide, has been investigated with respect to its ability to form ion channels in planar lipid bilayers. In the presence of 0.3 - 3.0 μ M mastoparan, two types of activity are seen. Type I activity is characterized by discrete channel openings, exhibiting multiple con­ductance levels in the range 15-700 pS. Type II activity is characterized by transient increases in bilayer conductance, up to a maximum of about 650 pS. Both type I and type II activities are voltage dependent. Channel activation occurs if the compartment containing mastoparan is held at a positive potential; channel inactivation if the same compartment is held at a negative potential. Channel formation is dependent on ionic strength; channel openings are only observed at KCl concentrations of 0.3 M or above. Furthermore, raising the concentration of KCl to 3.0 M stabilizes the open form of the channel. Mastoparan channels are weakly cation selective, P K/Cl ≈ 2. A 12-residue analogue, des -Ile 1 , Asn 2 mastoparan, preferentially forms type I channels. The ion channels formed by these short peptides may be modelled in terms of bundles of transmembrane α -helices.

scholarly journals A subset of broadly responsive Type III taste cells contribute to the detection of bitter, sweet and umami stimuli

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarghya Dutta Banik ◽  
Eric D. Benfey ◽  
Laura E. Martin ◽  
Kristen E. Kay ◽  
Gregory C. Loney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
Multiple Signaling

ABSTRACTTaste receptor cells use multiple signaling pathways to detect chemicals in potential food items. These cells are functionally grouped into different types: Type I cells act as support cells and have glial-like properties; Type II cells detect bitter, sweet, and umami taste stimuli; and Type III cells detect sour and salty stimuli. We have identified a new population of taste cells that are broadly tuned to multiple taste stimuli including bitter, sweet, sour and umami. The goal of this study was to characterize these broadly responsive (BR) taste cells. We used an IP3R3-KO mouse (does not release calcium (Ca2+) from Type II cells when stimulated with bitter, sweet or umami stimuli) to characterize the BR cells without any potentially confounding input from Type II cells. Using live cell Ca2+ imaging in isolated taste cells from the IP3R3-KO mouse, we found that BR cells are a subset of Type III cells that respond to sour stimuli but also use a PLCβ3 signaling pathway to respond to bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. Unlike Type II cells, individual BR cells are broadly tuned and respond to multiple stimuli across different taste modalities. Live cell imaging in a PLCβ3-KO mouse confirmed that BR cells use a PLCβ3 signaling pathway to generate Ca2+ signals to bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. Analysis of c-Fos activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and short term behavioral assays revealed that BR cells make significant contributions to taste.

scholarly journals Voltage-dependent ionic currents in taste receptor cells of the larval tiger salamander.

1990 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sugimoto ◽  
J H Teeter
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Outward Current ◽  
Tiger Salamander ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Single Channel Currents ◽  
K Currents

Voltage-dependent membrane currents of cells dissociated from tongues of larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp techniques. Nongustatory epithelial cells displayed only passive membrane properties. Cells dissociated from taste buds, presumed to be gustatory receptor cells, generated both inward and outward currents in response to depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential of -60 or -80 mV. Almost all taste cells displayed a transient inward current that activated at -30 mV, reached a peak between 0 and +10 mV and rapidly inactivated. This inward current was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or by substitution of choline for Na+ in the bath solution, indicating that it was a Na+ current. Approximately 60% of the taste cells also displayed a sustained inward current which activated slowly at about -30 mV and reached a peak at 0 to +10 mV. The amplitude of the slow inward current was larger when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+ and it was blocked by bath applied CO2+, indicating it was a Ca2+ current. Delayed outward K+ currents were observed in all taste cells although in about 10% of the cells, they were small and activated only at voltages more depolarized than +10 mV. Normally, K+ currents activated at -40 mV and usually showed some inactivation during a 25-ms voltage step. The inactivating component of outward current was not observed at holding potentials more depolarized -40 mV. The outward currents were blocked by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and BaCl2 in the bath or by substitution of Cs+ for K+ in the pipette solution. Both transient and noninactivating components of outward current were partially suppressed by CO2+, suggesting the presence of a Ca2(+)-activated K+ current component. Single-channel currents were recorded in cell-attached and outside-out patches of taste cell membranes. Two types of K+ channels were partially characterized, one having a mean unitary conductance of 21 pS, and the other, a conductance of 148 pS. These experiments demonstrate that tiger salamander taste cells have a variety of voltage- and ion-dependent currents including Na+ currents, Ca2+ currents and three types of K+ currents. One or more of these conductances may be modulated either directly by taste stimuli or indirectly by stimulus-regulated second messenger systems to give rise to stimulus-activated receptor potentials. Others may play a role in modulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses with taste nerve fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Action Potential–Enhanced ATP Release From Taste Cells Through Hemichannels

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Murata ◽  
Toshiaki Yasuo ◽  
Ryusuke Yoshida ◽  
Kunihiko Obata ◽  
Yuchio Yanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Pannexin 1 ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
Fluorescence Protein

Only some taste cells fire action potentials in response to sapid stimuli. Type II taste cells express many taste transduction molecules but lack well-elaborated synapses, bringing into question the functional significance of action potentials in these cells. We examined the dependence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) transmitter release from taste cells on action potentials. To identify type II taste cells we used mice expressing a green fluorescence protein (GFP) transgene from the α-gustducin promoter. Action potentials were recorded by an electrode basolaterally attached to a single GFP-positive taste cell. We monitored ATP release from gustducin-expressing taste cells by collecting the electrode solution immediately after tastant-stimulated action potentials and using a luciferase assay to quantify ATP. Stimulation of gustducin-expressing taste cells with saccharin, quinine, or glutamate on the apical membrane increased ATP levels in the electrode solution; the amount of ATP depended on the firing rate. Increased spontaneous firing rates also induced ATP release from gustducin-expressing taste cells. ATP release from gustducin-expressing taste cells was depressed by tetrodotoxin and inhibited below the detection limit by carbenoxolone. Our data support the hypothesis that action potentials in taste cells responsive to sweet, bitter, or umami tastants enhance ATP release through pannexin 1, not connexin-based hemichannels.

scholarly journals Expanding Role of Dopaminergic Inhibition in Hypercapnic Responses of Cultured Rat Carotid Body Cells: Involvement of Type II Glial Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Leonard ◽  
Colin A. Nurse
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Purinergic Signalling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Type Ii Cell ◽  
I Cells

Dopamine (DA) is a well-studied neurochemical in the mammalian carotid body (CB), a chemosensory organ involved in O2 and CO2/H+ homeostasis. DA released from receptor (type I) cells during chemostimulation is predominantly inhibitory, acting via pre- and post-synaptic dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) on type I cells and afferent (petrosal) terminals respectively. By contrast, co-released ATP is excitatory at postsynaptic P2X2/3R, though paracrine P2Y2R activation of neighboring glial-like type II cells may boost further ATP release. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DA may also inhibit type II cell function. When applied alone, DA (10 μM) had negligible effects on basal [Ca2+]i in isolated rat type II cells. However, DA strongly inhibited [Ca2+]i elevations (Δ[Ca2+]i) evoked by the P2Y2R agonist UTP (100 μM), an effect opposed by the D2/3R antagonist, sulpiride (1–10 μM). As expected, acute hypercapnia (10% CO2; pH 7.4), or high K+ (30 mM) caused Δ[Ca2+]i in type I cells. However, these stimuli sometimes triggered a secondary, delayed Δ[Ca2+]i in nearby type II cells, attributable to crosstalk involving ATP-P2Y2R interactions. Interestingly sulpiride, or DA store-depletion using reserpine, potentiated both the frequency and magnitude of the secondary Δ[Ca2+]i in type II cells. In functional CB-petrosal neuron cocultures, sulpiride potentiated hypercapnia-induced Δ[Ca2+]i in type I cells, type II cells, and petrosal neurons. Moreover, stimulation of type II cells with UTP could directly evoke Δ[Ca2+]i in nearby petrosal neurons. Thus, dopaminergic inhibition of purinergic signalling in type II cells may help control the integrated sensory output of the CB during hypercapnia.

scholarly journals Regional Analysis of Whole Cell Currents From Hair Cells of the Turtle Posterior Crista

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 3259-3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Brichta ◽  
Anne Aubert ◽  
Ruth Anne Eatock ◽  
Jay M. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cells ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fast Kinetics ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
Inwardly Rectifying

The turtle posterior crista is made up of two hemicristae, each consisting of a central zone containing type I and type II hair cells and a surrounding peripheral zone containing only type II hair cells and extending from the planum semilunatum to the nonsensory torus. Afferents from various regions of a hemicrista differ in their discharge properties. To see if afferent diversity is related to the basolateral currents of the hair cells innervated, we selectively harvested type I and II hair cells from the central zone and type II hair cells from two parts of the peripheral zone, one near the planum and the other near the torus. Voltage-dependent currents were studied with the whole cell, ruptured-patch method and characterized in voltage-clamp mode. We found regional differences in both outwardly and inwardly rectifying voltage-sensitive currents. As in birds and mammals, type I hair cells have a distinctive outwardly rectifying current ( IK,L), which begins activating at more hyperpolarized voltages than do the outward currents of type II hair cells. Activation of IK,Lis slow and sigmoidal. Maximal outward conductances are large. Outward currents in type II cells vary in their activation kinetics. Cells with fast kinetics are associated with small conductances and with partial inactivation during 200-ms depolarizing voltage steps. Almost all type II cells in the peripheral zone and many in the central zone have fast kinetics. Some type II cells in the central zone have large outward currents with slow kinetics and little inactivation. Although these currents resemble IK,L, they can be distinguished from the latter both electrophysiologically and pharmacologically. There are two varieties of inwardly rectifying currents in type II hair cells: activation of IK1is rapid and monoexponential, whereas that of Ihis slow and sigmoidal. Many type II cells either have both inward currents or only have IK1; very few cells only have Ih. Inward currents are less conspicuous in type I cells. Type II cells near the torus have smaller outwardly rectifying currents and larger inwardly rectifying currents than those near the planum, but the differences are too small to account for variations in discharge properties of bouton afferents innervating the two regions of the peripheral zone. The large outward conductances seen in central cells, by lowering impedances, may contribute to the low rotational gains of some central-zone afferents.

scholarly journals Action potentials and ion conductances in wild-type and CALHM1-knockout type II taste cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 1865-1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongming Ma ◽  
Wint Thu Saung ◽  
J. Kevin Foskett
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Atp Release ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
Type Ii Cell ◽  
Kinetics Of

Taste bud type II cells fire action potentials in response to tastants, triggering nonvesicular ATP release to gustatory neurons via voltage-gated CALHM1-associated ion channels. Whereas CALHM1 regulates mouse cortical neuron excitability, its roles in regulating type II cell excitability are unknown. In this study, we compared membrane conductances and action potentials in single identified TRPM5-GFP-expressing circumvallate papillae type II cells acutely isolated from wild-type (WT) and Calhm1 knockout (KO) mice. The activation kinetics of large voltage-gated outward currents were accelerated in cells from Calhm1 KO mice, and their associated nonselective tail currents, previously shown to be highly correlated with ATP release, were completely absent in Calhm1 KO cells, suggesting that CALHM1 contributes to all of these currents. Calhm1 deletion did not significantly alter resting membrane potential or input resistance, the amplitudes and kinetics of Na+ currents either estimated from action potentials or recorded from steady-state voltage pulses, or action potential threshold, overshoot peak, afterhyperpolarization, and firing frequency. However, Calhm1 deletion reduced the half-widths of action potentials and accelerated the deactivation kinetics of transient outward currents, suggesting that the CALHM1-associated conductance becomes activated during the repolarization phase of action potentials. NEW & NOTEWORTHY CALHM1 is an essential ion channel component of the ATP neurotransmitter release mechanism in type II taste bud cells. Its contribution to type II cell resting membrane properties and excitability is unknown. Nonselective voltage-gated currents, previously associated with ATP release, were absent in cells lacking CALHM1. Calhm1 deletion was without effects on resting membrane properties or voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels but contributed modestly to the kinetics of action potentials.

Identification of TRPM5 Ion Channels in Type-II Taste Cells of Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Romanov ◽  
M. F. Bystrova ◽  
O. A. Rogachevskaya ◽  
S. S. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Taste Cells
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