A Commentary on Prime Numbers and Life Cycles of Periodical Cicadas

1998 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal Tom Cox ◽  
C. E. Carlton
Keyword(s):  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Periodical Cicadas

Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Simon ◽  
John R. Cooley ◽  
Richard Karban ◽  
Teiji Sota
Keyword(s):  
Character Displacement ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Reproductive Character Displacement ◽  
Temporal Isolation ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Major Review

Apart from model organisms, 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada) are among the most studied insects in evolution and ecology. They are attractive subjects because they predictably emerge in large numbers; have a complex biogeography shaped by both spatial and temporal isolation; and include three largely sympatric, parallel species groups that are, in a sense, evolutionary replicates. Magicicada are also relatively easy to capture and manipulate, and their spectacular, synchronized mass emergences facilitate outreach and citizen science opportunities. Since the last major review, studies of Magicicada have revealed insights into reproductive character displacement and the nature of species boundaries, provided additional examples of allochronic speciation, found evidence for repeated and parallel (but noncontemporaneous) evolution of 13- and 17-year life cycles, quantified the amount and direction of gene flow through time, revealed phylogeographic patterning resulting from paleoclimate change, studied the timing of juvenile development, and created hypotheses for the evolution of life-cycle control and the future effects of climate change on Magicicada life cycles. New ecological studies have supported and questioned the role of prime numbers in Magicicada ecology and evolution, found bidirectional shifts in population size over generations, quantified the contribution of Magicicada to nutrient flow in forest ecosystems, and examined behavioral and biochemical interactions between Magicicada and their fungal parasites and bacterial endosymbionts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Universal Evolutionary Model for Periodical Species

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Eric Goles ◽  
Ivan Slapničar ◽  
Marco A. Lardies
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Function ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Greatest Common Divisor ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
New Period

Real-world examples of periodical species range from cicadas, whose life cycles are large prime numbers, like 13 or 17, to bamboos, whose periods are large multiples of small primes, like 40 or even 120. The periodicity is caused by interaction of species, be it a predator-prey relationship, symbiosis, commensalism, or competition exclusion principle. We propose a simple mathematical model, which explains and models all those principles, including listed extremal cases. This rather universal, qualitative model is based on the concept of a local fitness function, where a randomly chosen new period is selected if the value of the global fitness function of the species increases. Arithmetically speaking, the different interactions are related to only four principles: given a couple of integer periods either (1) their greatest common divisor is one, (2) one of the periods is prime, (3) both periods are equal, or (4) one period is an integer multiple of the other.

scholarly journals The periodical cicada four-year acceleration hypothesis revisited and the polyphyletic nature of Brood V, including an updated crowd-source enhanced map (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5282 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Cooley ◽  
Nidia Arguedas ◽  
Elias Bonaros ◽  
Gerry Bunker ◽  
Stephen M. Chiswell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Haplotype Variation ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Periodical Cicada ◽  
Mtdna Haplotype

The periodical cicadas of North America (Magicicada spp.) are well-known for their long life cycles of 13 and 17 years and their mass synchronized emergences. Although periodical cicada life cycles are relatively strict, the biogeographic patterns of periodical cicada broods, or year-classes, indicate that they must undergo some degree of life cycle switching. We present a new map of periodical cicada Brood V, which emerged in 2016, and demonstrate that it consists of at least four distinct parts that span an area in the United States stretching from Ohio to Long Island. We discuss mtDNA haplotype variation in this brood in relation to other periodical cicada broods, noting that different parts of this brood appear to have different origins. We use this information to refine a hypothesis for the formation of periodical cicada broods by 1- and 4-year life cycle jumps.

scholarly journals Eight-year periodical outbreaks of the train millipede

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 201399
Author(s):  
Keiko Niijima ◽  
Momoka Nii ◽  
Jin Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Long Life

Periodical cicadas are the only confirmed periodical animals with long life cycles. In Japan, however, 8-year periodicity had been suggested in a species of train millipedes that had frequently obstructed trains in the central mountainous region of Honshu, Japan. This species was identified as Parafontaria laminata armigera Verhoeff (Diplopoda: Xystodesmidae), which is endemic to Japan. We finally confirmed the 8-year periodicity of this millipede using detailed surveys of life histories over 8 years. Seven broods were recognized, with almost no overlaps in their distributions. We also report the historical outbreaks and train obstructions of this millipede during 1920–2016. This is the first confirmed case of periodical non-insect arthropods.

scholarly journals Cicadas (of Florida), Neocicada hieroglyphica (Say), Tibicen, Diceroprocta and Melampsalta spp. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2005 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Walker ◽  
Thomas Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cooperative Extension ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Agricultural Sciences

In Florida, cicadas are best known for their loud calls heard during the day, usually issuing from trees. Their cast nymphal skeletons are often seen on the trunks of trees or on shrubs. In much of the eastern United States, they are also known for their appearance in colossal numbers (as many as 1.5 million per acre) every 13 or 17 years. Although these periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) do not occur in Florida, they merit further discussion under Life Cycles. This document is EENY-327, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: May 2004. Revised: September 2004. EENY327/IN602: Cicadas (of Florida), Neocicada hieroglyphica (Say), Tibicen, Diceroprocta and Cicadetta spp. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) (ufl.edu)

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