Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Simon ◽  
John R. Cooley ◽  
Richard Karban ◽  
Teiji Sota
Keyword(s):  
Character Displacement ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Reproductive Character Displacement ◽  
Temporal Isolation ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Major Review

Apart from model organisms, 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada) are among the most studied insects in evolution and ecology. They are attractive subjects because they predictably emerge in large numbers; have a complex biogeography shaped by both spatial and temporal isolation; and include three largely sympatric, parallel species groups that are, in a sense, evolutionary replicates. Magicicada are also relatively easy to capture and manipulate, and their spectacular, synchronized mass emergences facilitate outreach and citizen science opportunities. Since the last major review, studies of Magicicada have revealed insights into reproductive character displacement and the nature of species boundaries, provided additional examples of allochronic speciation, found evidence for repeated and parallel (but noncontemporaneous) evolution of 13- and 17-year life cycles, quantified the amount and direction of gene flow through time, revealed phylogeographic patterning resulting from paleoclimate change, studied the timing of juvenile development, and created hypotheses for the evolution of life-cycle control and the future effects of climate change on Magicicada life cycles. New ecological studies have supported and questioned the role of prime numbers in Magicicada ecology and evolution, found bidirectional shifts in population size over generations, quantified the contribution of Magicicada to nutrient flow in forest ecosystems, and examined behavioral and biochemical interactions between Magicicada and their fungal parasites and bacterial endosymbionts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Growth and Division of the Peptidoglycan Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia D.A. Rohs ◽  
Thomas G. Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Peptidoglycan Cell Wall ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Peptidoglycan Layer

Most bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that defines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. The expansion and division of this structure therefore plays an integral role in bacterial growth and division. Additionally, the biogenesis of the peptidoglycan layer is the target of many of our most effective antibiotics. Thus, a better understanding of how the cell wall is built will enable the development of new therapies to combat the rise of drug-resistant bacterial infections. This review covers recent advances in defining the mechanisms involved in assembling the peptidoglycan layer with an emphasis on discoveries related to the function and regulation of the cell elongation and division machineries in the model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Looking Back, Looking Forward: Materials Science in Art, Archaeology, and Art Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine T. Faber ◽  
Francesca Casadio ◽  
Admir Masic ◽  
Luc Robbiola ◽  
Marc Walton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Art Conservation ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Archaeological Objects

Cultural heritage materials, ranging from archaeological objects and sites to fine arts collections, are often characterized through their life cycle. In this review, the fundamentals and tools of materials science are used to explore such life cycles—first, via the origins of the materials and methods used to produce objects of function and artistry, and in some cases, examples of exceptional durability. The findings provide a window on our cultural heritage. Further, they inspire the design of sustainable materials for future generations. Also explored in this review are alteration phenomena over intervals as long as millennia or as brief as decades. Understanding the chemical processes that give rise to corrosion, passivation, or other degradation in chemical and physical properties can provide the foundation for conservation treatments. Finally, examples of characterization techniques that have been invented or enhanced to afford studies of cultural heritage materials, often nondestructively, are highlighted. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A Commentary on Prime Numbers and Life Cycles of Periodical Cicadas

1998 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal Tom Cox ◽  
C. E. Carlton
Keyword(s):  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Periodical Cicadas

Genomic and Epigenetic Foundations of Neocentromere Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evon M. DeBose-Scarlett ◽  
Beth A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Genome Instability ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Active Transcription ◽  
Genomic Locations ◽  
The Human Genome Project

Centromeres are essential to genome inheritance, serving as the site of kinetochore assembly and coordinating chromosome segregation during cell division. Abnormal centromere function is associated with birth defects, infertility, and cancer. Normally, centromeres are assembled and maintained at the same chromosomal location. However, ectopic centromeres form spontaneously at new genomic locations and contribute to genome instability and developmental defects as well as to acquired and congenital human disease. Studies in model organisms have suggested that certain regions of the genome, including pericentromeres, heterochromatin, and regions of open chromatin or active transcription, support neocentromere activation. However, there is no universal mechanism that explains neocentromere formation. This review focuses on recent technological and intellectual advances in neocentromere research and proposes future areas of study. Understanding neocentromere biology will provide a better perspective on chromosome and genome organization and functional context for information generated from the Human Genome Project, ENCODE, and other large genomic consortia. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

From Insects to Frogs, Egg–Juvenile Recruitment Can have Persistent Effects on Population Sizes

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Downes ◽  
Barbara L. Peckarsky ◽  
Jill Lancaster ◽  
William D. Bovill ◽  
Maria Alp
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Existing Data

Understanding what regulates population sizes of organisms with complex life cycles is challenging because limits on population sizes can occur at any stage or transition. We extend a conceptual framework to explore whether numbers of successfully laid eggs determine densities of later stages in insects, fish, amphibians, and snails inhabiting marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats. Our review suggests novel hypotheses, which propose characteristics of species or environments that create spatial variation in egg densities and predict when such patterns are maintained throughout subsequent life-cycle stages. Existing data, although limited, suggest that persistent, strong associations between egg and subsequent juvenile densities are likely for species where suitable egg-laying habitat is in short supply. Those associations are weakened in some environments and for some species by density-dependent losses of eggs or hatchlings. Such cross-ecosystem comparisons are fundamental to generality in ecology but demand place-based understandings of species’ biology and natural history. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Green Algal Models for Multicellularity

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Umen ◽  
Matthew D. Herron
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes ◽  
Volvocine Algae ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Life On Earth

The repeated evolution of multicellularity across the tree of life has profoundly affected the ecology and evolution of nearly all life on Earth. Many of these origins were in different groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, or algae. Here, we review the evolution and genetics of multicellularity in several groups of green algae, which include the closest relatives of land plants. These include millimeter-scale, motile spheroids of up to 50,000 cells in the volvocine algae; decimeter-scale seaweeds in the genus Ulva (sea lettuce); and very plantlike, meter-scale freshwater algae in the genus Chara (stoneworts). We also describe algae in the genus Caulerpa, which are giant, multinucleate, morphologically complex single cells. In each case, we review the life cycle, phylogeny, and genetics of traits relevant to the evolution of multicellularity, and genetic and genomic resources available for the group in question. Finally, we suggest routes toward developing these groups as model organisms for the evolution of multicellularity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Duplessis ◽  
Cecile Lorrain ◽  
Benjamin Petre ◽  
Melania Figueroa ◽  
Peter N. Dodds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Infection Processes

Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document