In the late twentieth century, language conflicts became not
only a central battle in public policy but also an essential
medium for political expression among traditionally margin-
alized groups. This is clearly reflected in a host of policy
initiatives (from antiimmigrant propositions such as 187 in
California, to English-only and antibilingual education move-
ments in such states as Arizona, California, Colorado, and
Florida) and the proliferation of studies linking language
with Latino and Asian American politics (e.g., Antonia
Darder and Rodolfo D. Torres, eds., The Latino Studies
Reader: Culture, Economy and Society, 1998; and Louis De-
Sipio and Rodolfo de la Garza, Making Americans, Remaking
America: Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1998).