An Apparatus for Measuring Small Temperature Changes in Liquids

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
E B Greenhill ◽  
J R Whitehead
1964 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Gold

Observations over a 5-year period at a site at Ottawa showed that the ground temperature had significant Fourier components with period [Formula: see text]and 2 years. The average annual ground temperature and amplitudes of the Fourier components of period 1 year and [Formula: see text] year underwent non-periodic fluctuations of almost 1 C degree at a depth of 10 cm. The amplitude of this fluctuation decreased with depth, and its maximum occurred later in time. There was evidence of a gradual increase in average annual ground temperature amounting to about 0.2 C degree over the 5-year period at the 610-cm depth. The significance of such small temperature changes in areas where the ground temperature is close to 0 °C is pointed out.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-235
Author(s):  
Jan-Stefan Völler

1961 ◽  
Vol S7-III (4) ◽  
pp. 338-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Deicha

Abstract Effects of variations of temperature on intracrystalline and intergranular pressures in rocks are reviewed, with particular stress on the importance of maintaining the several factors involved in proper perspective, in order that sequence of changes in a rock during its history may not be misconstrued and that undue importance is not assigned to a given factor merely because it has been investigated in detail while others have been investigated inadequately. Distinguishing between liquid and gaseous inclusions of mineralogic versus metallogenic periods is especially difficult. Proper interpretation of inclusions ruptured by natural means must be supplemented by painstaking care to recognize the ruptures resulting from artificial means such as those produced in preparation of petrographic specimens, blows of the geologic hammer , and during transportation of samples. Liquid CO<2) and other inclusions have been known to rupture from small temperature changes. Water in inclusions in mineral grains can influence the geochemical constitution of water imprisoned in the sediments at time of deposition. Tectonic movements may rupture inclusions, and thereby influence the geophysical history of rocks.


2014 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a
Author(s):  
Nicolas Boulant ◽  
Michel Bottlaender ◽  
Lynn Uhrig ◽  
Eric Giacomini ◽  
Michel Luong ◽  
...  

1964 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Conley La Force ◽  
S. Frederick Ravitz ◽  
Weston B. Kendall

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
А.Д. Горлов

AbstractThe EPR spectrum of an Eu^2+ impurity center in a SrMoO_4 single crystal in the temperature range T = 1.8, 111–300 K has been studied, and the temperature changes in the spin Hamiltonian parameters describing the EPR spectrum of odd europium isotopes have been determined. It is shown that small temperature changes in the diagonal parameters of the spin Hamiltonian (for odd Eu^2+ isotopes) $$b_{2}^{0}$$ ( T ) = b _2( F ) + b _2( L ) and $$P_{2}^{0}$$ ( T ) = P _2( F ) + P _2( L ) are explained by the compensation of spin–phonon contributions b _2( F ) and P _2( F ) by the contributions of the lattice thermal expansion b _2( L ) and P _2( L ). The quantities b _2( L ) and P _2( L ) that are dependent on the static lattice parameters at a given temperature, are estimated in terms of the superposition Newman model. Then, the spin–phonon b _2( F ) and P _2( F ) contributions determined by the lattice ion vibrations are separated. An analysis shows that $$b_{2}^{0}$$ ( F ) and $$P_{2}^{0}$$ ( F ) > 0, b _2( L ) and P _2( L ) < 0, and the temperature behavior of the spin–phonon contribution is well described by G. Pfister’s model of local vibrations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Joo Lee ◽  
Esteban Guerra-Bravo ◽  
Arturo Baltazar ◽  
Kenneth J. Loh

Soft actuation through droplet evaporation has significantly improved the actuation speed of methods that utilize liquid vaporization. Instead of boiling bulk liquid, this method implements atomization to disperse small droplets into a heater. Due to the large surface area of the droplets, the liquid evaporates much faster even at small temperature changes. However, further analysis is required to maximize the performance of this complex multi-physics method. This study was conducted to provide further insight into the atomizer and how it affects actuation. Numerical simulations were used to inspect the vibration modes and determine how frequency and voltage affect the atomization process. These results were used to experimentally control the atomizer, and the droplet growth on the heater surface was analyzed to study the evaporation process. A cuboid structure was inflated with the actuator to demonstrate its performance. The results show that simply maximizing the atomization rate creates large droplets on the surface of the heater, which slows down the vaporization process. Thus, an optimal atomization rate should be determined for ideal performance.


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