Phytophthora species cause diseases in a large variety of plants and represent a serious agricultural threat, leading, every year, to multibillion dollar losses. Infection occurs when these biflagellated zoospores move across the soil at their characteristic high speed and reach the roots of a host plant. Despite the relevance of zoospore spreading in the epidemics of plant diseases, it is not known how these zoospores swim and steer with two opposite beating flagella. Here, combining experiments and modeling, we show how these two flagella contribute to generate thrust when beating together, and identify the mastigonemes-attached anterior flagellum as the main source of thrust. Furthermore, we find that steering involves a complex active process, in which the posterior flagellum is stopped, while the anterior flagellum keeps on beating, as the zoospore reorients its body. Our study is a fundamental step towards a better understanding of the spreading of plant pathogens’ motile forms, and shows that the motility pattern of these biflagellated zoospores represents a distinct eukaryotic version of the celebrated “run-and-tumble” motility class exhibited by peritrichous bacteria.
Optimal Preventive Maintenance of Wind Turbine Components with Imperfect Continuous Condition Monitoring
