Seismic techniques have been used mainly for structural interpretation, but mounting interest in stratigraphic applications is evident. Estimation of sand‐shale ratios from seismically derived average velocities is a recent example of a stratigraphic application. Except in the case of tall pinnacle reefs, today direct location of stratigraphic traps by reflection methods is restricted, at best, to areas of very high quality data and abundant well control. However, it may be possible to interpret some useful stratigraphic characteristics from seismic reflections, the interpretation being based upon the concept of sedimentation models. Most stratigraphic sequences are not random stacks of various lithologies. Commonly, they are well organized and have units with characteristic contacts, thicknesses, lateral extents, lateral facies changes, and vertical sequence. These orderly characteristics are summarized in sedimentation models, where the control of lithologic distribution by dominant depositional processes is emphasized. Three sedimentation models for sandstone and shale sequences are presented. For each, one example is described and converted to a synthetic reflection seismic cross‐section. These cross‐sections are each distinct in terms of reflection polarities, areal changes in reflection amplitudes, continuity of events, and lateral interval velocity changes. The simplified models, although limited in their scope, suggest that additional stratigraphic information can be gleaned from reflection seismic data. To exploit this promise, record processing techniques that emphasize recognition of reflection polarities, amplitudes, continuity, and interval velocities must be developed or improved. It is also necessary to improve our knowledge of seismic boundaries in a variety of stratigraphic sequences. Though difficult, these valuable goals appear attainable.
Direct Location for Multiple Passive Radars without and with Reference
