This paper presents an experimental investigation on the main factors that influence the effects of pouring aggregate to plug a tunnel that has been inundated by groundwater to reduce the flow velocity. Moreover, a criterion for plugging the tunnel under infiltrating water to resist flow is proposed. A range analysis and analysis of variance both show that the influencing factors on the efficiency of plugging in descending order is the aggregate particle size, followed by initial velocity of the water flow, and then the water–solid mass ratio. The sedimentation process of the aggregate is likened to the deposition of solid particles into slurry in which the particles settle under gravitational force, thus accumulating at the bottom of the tunnel model due to the forces of the water flow and gravity. The critical velocity of the water that will transport the aggregate without settling can be used as a criterion to determine whether there has been a successful plug of the resistance to flow in the tunnel. The experimental results show that the critical velocity of fine aggregate is less than that of coarse aggregate, and the section with smaller sized aggregate or fine aggregate that resists water flow is flatter. In addition, the required minimum space between two pouring boreholes for a successful resistance to flow is discussed.
Experimental investigation of counter current air-water flow in a large diameter vertical pipe with inners
