Analytical model of single-X-ray photon counting pixel-array detectors

New and improved synchrotron radiation sources enable experiments that demand the ability to acquire successive hard (e.g., 10 keV) x-ray images at sub-microsecond rates or to quickly acquire x-ray patterns encompassing intensities that vary by 10^6 or more across single images. We describe two novel integrating Pixel Array Detectors (PADs) developed at Cornell University that accomplish these objectives. The Mixed-Mode PAD (MM-PAD) frames at > 1 KHz and can readily detect signals within a single image ranging from single x-rays to over 107 x-rays/pixel/frame. The Keck-PAD can acquire 8-12 successive images at frame rates approaching 10 MHz with a range of single x-rays up to about 10^4 x-rays/pixel/frame. The operating principles of the MM-PAD and Keck-PAD, respectively, are described. We also describe examples of experiments that have been performed at various synchrotron radiation sources.

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High-speed imaging at high x-ray energy: CdTe sensors coupled to charge-integrating pixel array detectors

10.1063/1.4952909 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julian Becker ◽

Mark W. Tate ◽

Katherine S. Shanks ◽

Hugh T. Philipp ◽

Joel T. Weiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

High Speed Imaging ◽

X Ray ◽

Array Detectors ◽

Pixel Array

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Linear fitting of multi-threshold counting data with a pixel-array detector for spectral X-ray imaging

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577514014167 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 1180-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan D. Muir ◽

Nicholas R. Pogranichney ◽

J. Lewis Muir ◽

Shane Z. Sullivan ◽

Kevin P. Battaile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photon Counting ◽

Array Detector ◽

X Ray ◽

Spectral Fitting ◽

Counting Data ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Pixel Array ◽

Multi Wavelength ◽

Pixel Array Detector ◽

Corner Effects

Experiments and modeling are described to perform spectral fitting of multi-threshold counting measurements on a pixel-array detector. An analytical model was developed for describing the probability density function of detected voltage in X-ray photon-counting arrays, utilizing fractional photon counting to account for edge/corner effects from voltage plumes that spread across multiple pixels. Each pixel was mathematically calibrated by fitting the detected voltage distributions to the model at both 13.5 keV and 15.0 keV X-ray energies. The model and established pixel responses were then exploited to statistically recover images of X-ray intensity as a function of X-ray energy in a simulated multi-wavelength and multi-counting threshold experiment.

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The CirPAD, a circular 1.4 M hybrid pixel detector dedicated to X-ray diffraction measurements at Synchrotron SOLEIL

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577521012492 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kewin Desjardins ◽

Cristian Mocuta ◽

Arkadiusz Dawiec ◽

Solenn Réguer ◽

Philippe Joly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Sample ◽

Photon Counting ◽

Array Detector ◽

Pixel Detector ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

High Count ◽

X Ray ◽

Pixel Array ◽

Diffraction Imaging ◽

Pixel Array Detector

One of the challenges of all synchrotron facilities is to offer the highest performance detectors for all their specific experiments, in particular for X-ray diffraction imaging and its high throughput data collection. In that context, the DiffAbs beamline, the Detectors and the Design and Engineering groups at Synchrotron SOLEIL, in collaboration with ImXPAD and Cegitek companies, have developed an original and unique detector with a circular shape. This detector is based on the hybrid pixel photon-counting technology and consists of the specific assembly of 20 hybrid pixel array detector (XPAD) modules. This article aims to demonstrate the main characteristics of the CirPAD (for Circular Pixel Array Detector) and its performance – i.e. excellent pixel quality, flat-field correction, high-count-rate performance, etc. Additionally, the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of an LaB6 reference sample is presented and refined. The obtained results demonstrate the high quality of the data recorded from the CirPAD, which allows the proposal of its use to all scientific communities interested in performing experiments at the DiffAbs beamline.

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X-ray imaging and imaging spectroscopy of fusion plasmas and light-source experiments with spherical optics and pixel array detectors

10.1117/12.930063 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. W. Hill ◽

M. Bitter ◽

L. Delgado-Aparicio ◽

N. A. Pablant ◽

P. Beiersdorfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

Imaging Spectroscopy ◽

Fusion Plasmas ◽

X Ray ◽

Array Detectors ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Pixel Array

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Next generation X-ray detectors for in-house XRD

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1154/1.2912455 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 101-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Takeyoshi Taguchi ◽

Christian Brönnimann ◽

Eric F. Eikenberry

Keyword(s):

Generation X ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Single Photon ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Photon Counting ◽

Next Generation ◽

Large Area ◽

X Ray ◽

Array Detectors ◽

Good Signal

A novel type X-ray detector, called PILATUS, has been developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland during the last decade. PILATUS detectors are two-dimensional hybrid pixel array detectors, which operate in single-photon counting mode. PILATUS detectors feature a very wide dynamic range (1:1 000 000), very short readout time (<3.0 ms), no readout noise, and very high counting rate (>2×106counts/s/pixel). In addition, a lower energy threshold can be set in order to suppress fluorescence background from the sample, thus a very good signal-to-noise ratio is achieved. The combination of these features for area detectors is unique and thus the PILATUS detectors are considered to be the next generation X-ray detectors. The basic building block of all the detectors is the PILATUS module having an active area of 83.8×33.5 mm2. The PILATUS 100K is a complete detector system with one module. PILATUS detector systems can have other configurations, including large area systems consisting of 20 to 60 modules that can cover up to an area of 431×448 mm2. Such large systems are mainly used for macromolecular structure determination, such as protein crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering. The PILATUS 100K detector can be easily adapted to many systems; the single-module detector is integrated to an in-house X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. Examples of XRD measurements with the PILATUS 100K detector are given.

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