scholarly journals Local versions realizing the pastoral model of metal production in conditions of the steppe ecosystems in the Urals-Mygodzhary region in the Late Bronze Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 817 (1) ◽  
pp. 012107
Author(s):  
V Tkachev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Steppe Ecosystems

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF METAL PRODUCTION TOOLS OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE (CASE STUDY OF THE KARTAMYSH ARCHAEOLOGICAL MICROREGION)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
О.Н. Загородняя
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Bone Tools ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Grinding Stones

Археологические источники свидетельствуют, что в тех или иных сообществах могли быть сосредоточены как все технологические процессы металлопроизводства, так и лишь отдельные из них (добыча, обогащение руды, металлургия и металлообработка). В качестве объектов изучения выступают, прежде всего, металлические изделия, различные категории орудий труда, а также древние рудники, которые представляют собой разновидность следов - видоизменений естественной структуры геологических напластований и ландшафта. Долгое время внимание исследователей было направлено преимущественно на изучение металлических изделий и литейных форм. Орудия попадали в поле зрения в зависимости от археологического контекста, указывающего на возможность их соотнесения с металлопроизводством. Ситуация изменилась с появлением методики, выявляющей и объясняющей характер и природу деформаций изготовления и изнашивания. Исследование включает систематизацию материалов из горных пород, кости и керамики из Картамышского археологического микрорайона в Донбассе БМСК позднебронзового века. Источниковая база составляет 1091 предмет. Для их изучения применены структурно-сырьевой, технологический, функциональный и контекстуальный анализы. Наиболее представительная серия металлопроизводственных орудий: горнодобывающие (мотыги, кайла, молоты) (рис. 1: 4-11), горно-обогатительные (песты-терочники, рудодробильные/рудотерочные плиты, орудия из кости, применяемые в процессе гравитации, совки), металлообрабатывающие (литейные формы, молотки, наковальни, абразивы, скребок) (рис. 2: 4-19). Выделен новый тип орудий из кости для гравитационного обогащения руды (рис. 3: 1-10). Следы на артефактах идентичны полученным в ходе экспериментов по сухому обогащению руды, гравитации и металлообработке следам. The paper reports on the studies of metalworking tools from the Kartamysh archaeological microregion. Archaeological sources demonstrate that both the complete production cycle (extraction, ore processing, metallurgy and metalworking) and the incomplete production cycle could be used by various communities. Metal goods, various types of tools, ancient pits were examined. The latter are represented by a variety of traces such as changes of the natural structure of the geological depositions and the landscape. The research includes systematization of the artifacts made from rocks, bone and ceramics from the Kartamysh archaeological microregion in Donbass (Berezhnovka-Maevka Timber-grave culture of the Late Bronze Age). The collection consisting of 1091 items was subjected to the structural/raw material, technological, functional and contextual analyses. The paper publishes a series of metal production tools such as mining tools (mattocks, hacks, hammers - Fig. 1: 4-11), ore processing tools (pestles/grinding stones, mortars/grinding slabs), metalworking instruments (moulds, hammers, anvils, abrasives, a scraper) (Fig. 2: 4-19). Bone tools for gravitational ore processing were singled out (Fig. 3: 1-10). Traces on the artifacts were compared with the traces obtained during experiments on dry ore processing, gravitation and metalworking.

scholarly journals INTERCULTURAL LINKS IN THE WESTERN PIEDMONT OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS DURING THE LATE BRONZE AGE: ATTRIBUTES OF THE SRUBNAYA - ANDRONOVO CONTACTS, CHRONOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF INTERACTION

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.В. Купцова ◽  
В.И. Мухаметдинов
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Past

В настоящей статье представлены обобщенные результаты изучения срубных памятников Предуралья, в погребальном обряде или инвентаре которых проявляются инокультурные (алакульские или федоровские) признаки. Всего проанализировано 252 погребения из восьми некрополей и керамические коллекции двух поселений (рис. 1). Показано, что в срубных памятниках степного Предуралья инокультурные элементы проявляются в основном в керамической посуде (рис. 2), которая чаще выявляется в женских захоронениях, расположенных на периферии подкурганной площадки и, как правило, лишенных избыточного инвентаря. Определено, что керамика с алакульскими или федоровскими чертами может выступать косвенным хронологическим маркером очередности сооружения насыпей в некрополях позднего бронзового века Предуралья. Так, наиболее ранними на этой территории являются курганы, в погребениях которых содержалась исключительно срубная посуда. Затем появляются насыпи, в захоронениях которых фиксируется алакульская и срубно-алакульская керамика. Наиболее позднюю хронологическую позицию занимают курганы, где найдена керамика с гончарными признаками федоровской культуры. The paper summarizes results of the studies related to the Srubnaya (Timber-grave) - Andronovo sites located in the western piedmont of the Ural mountains conducted in the past ten years. The total number of the excavated graves from eight cemeteries reaches 252 besides, ceramic collections from two settlements were analyzed (Fig. 1). The paper shows that the Andronovo elements largely manifest themselves in clay vessels (Fig. 2) retrieved from Srubnaya sites in the steppe western piedmont of the Urals mountains such vessels occur more often in female graves located on the periphery of the area covered by the mound which usually do not have too many funerary offerings. It was found that the clay vessels exhibiting Andronovo characteristics from the Srubnaya - Andronovo graves can be used as an indirect chronological indicator of sequence in which mounds were constructed in cemeteries. Thus, the mounds with the burials containing only Srubnaya vessels are the earliest. The mounds with graves with Alakul and the Srubnaya - Alakul clay vessels were built later. The latest chronological position is occupied by the mounds containing vessels with pottery characteristics of the Fedorovka culture.

scholarly journals Melting, smelting, and recycling: A regional study around the Late Bronze Age mining site of Prigglitz-Gasteil, Lower Austria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254096
Author(s):  
Marianne Mödlinger ◽  
Peter Trebsche ◽  
Benjamin Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Source Materials

This paper presents a study on copper production and distribution in Lower Austria’s southeastern region during the Late Bronze Age (c. 1350–800 BC), with the focal point being the chemistry and isotopic character of artifacts from a small copper mining site at Prigglitz-Gasteil on the Eastern Alps’ easternmost fringe. Ores, casting cakes, and select objects from the Late Bronze Age mining site at Prigglitz-Gasteil, Lower-Austria, and within 15 km of its surroundings, were chemically and isotopically analysed using XRF, NAA, and MC-ICPMS. The importance of Prigglitz-Gasteil as a local mining and metal processing center is evaluated based on the produced data, and the distribution and sourcing of copper-producing materials found at the site are discussed. Special attention is paid to the mixing of scrap and source materials early in the metal production process. The most salient discussions focus on the variability of the chemistry and Pb isotopic ratios of the studied objects, which seem to constitute a multitude of source materials, unlike the pure chalcopyrite-source copper produced from the Prigglitz-Gasteil mine itself. The analytical data suggests that copper alloys were mainly imported from materials originating in the Slovakian Ore Mountains, which were subsequently mixed/recycled with relatively pure locally produced copper. The purity of the copper from Prigglitz-Gasteil was fortuitous in identifying imported copper that contained measurable amounts of Pb and other chemically distinct characteristics. The chaîne opératoire of metal production at the site is mentioned; however, it is clear that additional information on the region’s geochemistry is required before any finite conclusions on the ore-to-metal production can be made.

The Concept of Palestine: The Conception Of Palestine from the Late Bronze Age to the Modern Period

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Masalha
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Political Geography ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Master Narratives ◽  
The Bible ◽  
School History

The Concept of Palestine is deeply rooted in the collective consciousness of the indigenous people of Palestine and the multicultural ancient past. The name Palestine is the most commonly used from the Late Bronze Age (from 1300 BCE) onwards. The name Palestine is evident in countless histories, inscriptions, maps and coins from antiquity, medieval and modern Palestine. From the Late Bronze Age onwards the names used for the region, such as Djahi, Retenu and Cana'an, all gave way to the name Palestine. Throughout Classical Antiquity the name Palestine remained the most common and during the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods the concept and political geography of Palestine acquired official administrative status. This article sets out to explain the historical origins of the concept of Palestine and the evolving political geography of the country. It will seek to demonstrate how the name ‘Palestine’ (rather than the term ‘Cana'an’) was most commonly and formally used in ancient history. It argues that the legend of the ‘Israelites’ conquest of Cana'an’ and other master narratives of the Bible evolved across many centuries; they are myth-narratives, not evidence-based accurate history. It further argues that academic and school history curricula should be based on historical facts/empirical evidence/archaeological discoveries – not on master narratives or Old Testament sacred-history and religio-ideological constructs.

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